Negotiating Ethnicity in Malaysia
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An overview of how the Bumiputra (Malays) interact with the ethnic Chinese, Hindu immigrants and traditional natives including the Kelabit. Includes discussion of Malaysian Airlines Flight 377.
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Negotiating Ethnicity in Malaysia
- 1. The Negotiation of Ethnicity in Malaysia Leanna Wolfe, Ph.D. California Community College Anthropology Teachers Conference January 17, 2015
- 2. MALAYSIA
- 3. POPULATION DEMOGRAPHICS Current Population: 30, 267,367 41st most populated country in the world 80% Peninsular Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 20% East Malaysia (Borneo) Sarawak and Sabah Population Growth-2.4% per annum
- 4. ECONOMY 450 Billion GDP Third Largest Economy in ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) 29th Largest Economy in the World Chinese Businesses 70% Market Capitalization Bamboo Network Share cultural and family ties
- 5. ETHNICITY IN MALAYSIA Malays (Bumiputra) 67.4% Muslims Tribal Peoples Animistic Practices Converted Christians Chinese – 24.6% Three migrations from mainland China Largely Tao Buddhists with strong ties to their homeland Indians – 7.3% Tamils (Hindus) Punjabis (Sikhs)
- 6. DISTRIBUTION OF BUMIPUTRA VS. CHINESE
- 7. ETHNOCENTRIC CHATTER Chinese blatantly discuss how the Malays are lazy and misguided Failing Businesses Misguided political decisions Malays openly discuss how the Chinese are cut throat in business Swindle deals in their favor Their lives lack a spiritual context Acquisition of money is their sole pursuit
- 12. Kuala Lumpur
- 17. Brunei
- 21. Central Mosque
- 24. Mulu
- 26. Kuching
- 28. BRITISH AND MALAY HOSTS
- 29. WITH MY MULU HOSTS
- 30. ROBERT, DINA AND DAUGHTERS IN MULU
- 32. DINA CELEBRATES WITH HER KIDS
- 33. DINA DANCES
- 35. Chinese Borneo
- 39. Visiting with Steven, my Chinese Couch Surfing Host and his Friends
- 45. New Years Celebrations in Kuching
- 60. Ascending Stairs
- 71. TRIBAL PEOPLES 140 different languages/dialects Acculturation into the Modern World Headhunting abandoned three generations ago Berawan Secondary Burial last practiced in the 1960s Only the Penan remain as purely nomadic Kelabit Highlanders maintain a mixed hunting, gathering and farming economy
- 72. BARIO ARTIST STEPHEN PALA
- 76. DAVID AND CENNI, MY KELABIT HOSTS
- 77. WITH MY KELABIT HOSTS
- 78. TRADITIONAL KELABIT EAR STRETCHING Explained as purely decorative Symbolically appears to express openness
- 79. THE EAR STRETCHING PRACTICE DECLINED IN THE 1960S
- 80. MIXED KELABIT ECONOMY Wild Boar Hunting Hunting dogs Gathering of Jungle Vegetables Rice Farming Water Buffalo Used as a tractor and for hauling goods Chicken Farming Purchasing Manufactured Foods
- 81. WILD BOAR
- 82. WILD BOAR FROM THE BACK
- 84. WILD BOAR BARBECUE WITH BEGGING DOGS
- 86. HIGHLAND DOGS
- 87. HIGHLAND KITTY
- 88. WOMEN WITH BASKET KNAPSACKS
- 89. RICE FARMERS
- 90. RICE FARMING IN BARIO
- 91. BARIO RICE (EXCELLENT TASTE AND TEXTURE)
- 92. HIGHLAND ROOSTER
- 93. HIGHLAND HEN WITH CHICKS
- 94. CHICKEN CURRY
- 95. WATER BUFFALO
- 96. WATER BUFFALO
- 97. WATER BUFFALO ARE RELATIVELY TAME
- 98. CHILIES FORAGED IN THE JUNGLE
- 99. JUNGLE GREENS WITH GINGER FLOWER
- 100. HIGHLAND FOOD STORAGE SYSTEM
- 101. PURCHASED FOODS Milo (chocolate drink ) is big all over Malaysia Coffee pre-mixed with sugar and powdered milk is also popular (Starbucks is only found is the big cities and very pricey) Tea can also be pre-mixed with sugar and powdered milk
- 102. BREAKFAST WITH MY KELABIT HOSTS
- 108. “TRIBAL PEOPLES” AT THE CULTURAL VILLAGE
- 123. Being tribal as a “Day Job”
- 124. 20 Years as a “Native” Stone Carver
- 135. MALAYSIA AIRLINES 1947 Established as Malayan Airways Malaysian Government owns 52% 1980s Economic Boom Spurred Growth Flights to 47 international destinations Periods of Unprofitability 1997 Asian Financial Crisis 2005 due to fuel prices and overall management 2011 largest losses
- 145. MH370 Left Kuala Lumpur March 8 en route to Beijing, China Boeing 777 239 people aboard 152 Chinese passengers 38 Malaysian passengers 12 Malaysian crew members
- 146. ACCUSATIONS AND DISCOVERIES Reflect uneasy relations between Malays and Chinese Chinese kin offered $5,000 condolence Malay kin offered $2,000 condolence China accused of false leads that have detracted from the search effort Chinese satellites first to record black box pings Chinese ships first to hear sound signals Malaysian Government Accused of Withholding Information Often suggesting prayer rather than strategic action
- 147. CONCLUSIONS Malaysia’s Bumiputra Majority Controls the National Government Readily Admit that the Chinese are Ruthlessly Skilled in Business Chinese Minority Control the Nation’s Business Negative judgment of Bumiputra’s political and economic decision-making Ethnic/Spiritual Collisions (Despite Proclamations of Harmony) Chinese critical of Malay People’s Islamic Devotion Indian minority live culturally segregated lives Traditional Animistic Practices celebrated as Cultural Curiosities Christianized Tribal Peoples Disconnected from Native Traditions/Identity