Outline of nursing research

1. NURSING RESEARCH
Dr. Jayesh Patidar
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com

2. Diers
 “A systematic study of
problems in patient
care.”
Nursing Research Definitions
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3. Abdellah
 “A systematic detailed
attempt to discover or
confirm facts that relate to a
specific problem to improve
the practice and profession
of nursing.”
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4. Polit and Hungler
 “A systematic search for
knowledge about issues of
importance to nursing.”
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5. Henderson
 “A study of the problems in
practice relating to the effects
of nursing.”
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6. Ways to “use” nursing
research:
--journal clubs
--critique research for patient care
purposes
--explaining research to clients
--data collection for others
--reviewing methodology for IRB
--finding research problems
--using research results in patient
care or education9/30/2015 6www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in

7. Why do research?
 Professionalism
 Accountability
 Social Relevance
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8. Evolution of Nursing
Research
 Education/Recruitment
 Administration/Staffing
 Practice
 Methodology/Theory based research
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9. Current Trends
 Health Promotion
 Nursing Decision Making
 Effectiveness of Nursing Intervention
in Selected Health Problems
 Prevention
 Case Studies/Qualitative Research
 Ethnographic Studies
 Compliance
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10. Conferences for Research
Priorities
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11. #1 through 1994
 HIV
 Long term care
 Low birth weight
 Symptom management
 Nursing informatics
 Technology
 Health Promotion
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12. #2 through 1999
 Develop and test community based
nursing models
 Assess effectiveness of nursing
interventions with HIV
 Develop and test approaches to
remediate cognitive impairment
 Assess coping with chronic illness
 Methods for promoting
immunocompetence
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13. Epistemology
 Sources of Human Knowledge
or “how we know what we know”
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14. Sources of Knowledge
 Tradition or tenacity
 Authority
 Experience
 Intuition
 Trial and Error
 Logical Reasoning
– Induction
– Deduction
 Scientific Method9/30/2015 14www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in

15. Tradition/tenacity
 Something we know because we have
always known it.
 Advantages:
Efficient, provides a foundation of truths
 Disadvantages:
Most traditions have not been evaluated
for their value
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16. Authority
 We know a thing because some
authoritative source says it is so
 Authorities are not infallible, so always
question authority--what is the evidence
that this is true?
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17. Experience
 Our own experiences may be too limited
to generalize from
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18. Intuition
 It just “ seems” right
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19. Trial and error
 Haphazard
 unsystematic
 inefficient
 usually unrecorded
 must make the same mistakes or
discoveries over and over again
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20. Logical Reasoning
 Induction--developing generalizations
from specific observations
Induction
Specifics Generalizations
Deduction
 Deduction--developing specific
predictions from general principles9/30/2015 20www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in

21. Scientific Method
 The most advanced method of acquiring
knowledge that humans have
developed.
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22. Scientific Method
 Order
 Control
 Empiricism
 Generalization
 Theoretical Formulation
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23. Order
 Systematic prescribed order in order to
have reproducibility and confidence in
the results
– problem identified
– defined
– predictions of oucome
– information collected according to design
– analysis
– conclusion
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24. Control
 In trying to isolate relationships among
phenomena, scientists must control
phenomena and factors not under
study.
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25. Empiricism
 Evidence rooted in objective reality and
gathered directly or indirectly through
the human senses.
Research is based in REALITY
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26. Generalization
 No research is ever done just to benefit
the subjects, in order to have value it
must be generalizable to a wider
population.
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27. Theoretical formulation
 Theories are manner of organizing,
integrating and deriving abstract
conceptualization about the manner in
which phenomena are interrelated.
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28. LIMITS OF SCIENTIFIC
METHOD
 1. Values or ethics
 2. Human complexity
 3. Measurement problems
 4. Control
 5. Ethical considerations
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29. PARADIGMS FOR NURSING
RESEARCH
 ONTOLOGIC-What is the nature of reality?
 EPISTEMOLOGIC-What is the relationship
between the inquirer and that being
studied?
 AXIOLOGIC-What is the role of values in
inquiry?
 METHODOLOGIC-How should the inquirer
obtain knowledge?
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30. POSITIVIST PARADIGM
 Nature is ordered and regular
and can be predicted.
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31. NATURALISTIC OR
PHENOMENOLOGIC PARADIGM
 Reality not fixed but exists
within a context, many
interpretations are possible.
Nothing is absolutely true or
false, only within a context.
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32.  QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
vs
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
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33. PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
 Identification
 Description
 Exploration
 Explanation
 Prediction and Control
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34. Types of Research by Utility
 BASIC RESEARCH
 APPLIED RESEARCH
 COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT
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35. RELATIONSHIPS
CAUSAL vs ASSOCIATIONAL

36. Requirements for causality
 concomitant variation
 temporal sequencing
 absence of competing explanations
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37. STEPS IN THE RESEARCH
PROCESS
(Quantitative Research)

38. CONCEPTUAL PHASE
 1. Formulating and Delimiting the
Problem
 2. Reviewing the Literature
 3. Developing a Theoretical
Framework
 4. Identifying the Research Variables
 5. Formulating Hypotheses
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39. DESIGN AND PLANNING
PHASE
 6. Selecting a Research Design
 7. Specifying the Population
 8. Operationalizing the Variables
 9. Conducting the Pilot
Study/Making Revisions
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40. EMPIRICAL PHASE
 10. Selecting the Sample
 11. Collecting the Data
 12. Organizing Data for
Analysis
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41. ANALYTIC PHASE
 13. Analyzing the Data
 14. Interpreting the Results
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42. DISSEMINATION PHASE
 15. Communicating Results
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43. STEPS IN THE RESEARCH
PROCESS
(Qualitative Research)
Circular and Flexible

44.  1. Define/Clarify Broad Topic
 2. Review of the Literature?
 3. Identify Site/Setting
 4. Obtain Access
 5. Obtain and Test Equipment
 6. Begin Data Collection/Analysis
 7. Identify Themes/Categories
 8. Triangulation/Saturation
 9. Formulate Hypotheses/Theories
 10. Communicate Findings
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45. TERMINOLOGY
 CONCEPTS/CONSTRUCTS
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
 VARIABLES
 DATA
 HYPOTHESIS (research or
null/statistical)
 PROBLEM STATEMENT
 RESEARCH DESIGNS
 SAMPLE/POPULATION
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46. Concepts/Constructs
 Refined general or abstract idea
“good health”
“nursing care”
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47. Conceptual Framework
 A series of concepts or ideas connected
by statements about the relationships
that exist among them
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48. Operational Definitions
 Specifications of the specific and explicit
operations which the researcher must
perform in order to collect the required
information
“Operationalizing the concept”
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49. Variables
 Something which varies
 An abstract entity which takes on
different values.
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50. DATA
 Pieces of information obtained in the
course of the study
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51. Hypothesis
 Research--A statement of the
expectations of the researcher
concerning the relationships of the
variables under study HR
 Null or Statistical--states that there is no
relationship among the variables HO
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52. Problem Statement
 A the research question or a statement
about the purpose of the study.
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53. Research Designs
 Basic designs are experimental and non
experimental (or descriptive)
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54. Sample/Population
 Sample--the subjects participating in the
study
 Population--the whole universe of
possible subjects
 Target population--the group to whom
the researcher wishes to generalize the
results of the study
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55. RESEARCH REPORTS
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 METHOD
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
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56. Abstract
 An abbreviated summary of the
research problem, methodology,
findings and significance.
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57. INTRODUCTION
 PURPOSE, RESEARCH QUESTIONS,
HYPOTHESES
 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
 SIGNIFICANCE OF PROBLEM
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58. METHOD
 SUBJECTS
 RESEARCH DESIGN
 INSTRUMENTS AND DATA
COLLECTION
 STUDY PROCEDURES
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59. RESULTS
 STATISTICAL TESTS USED
 VALUE OF THE STATISTIC
 STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE
 THEMES (Qualitative Research)
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60. DISCUSSION
 INTERPRETATION
 IMPLICATIONS
 LIMITATIONS
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61. REFERENCES
 All of the literature used in
writing the research article.
Should contain mostly recent
and primary sources.
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62. Thank you
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