9. Aetiology and distribution (%) of male
infertility among 7,057 men
Aetiology Distribution (%)
• Sexual factors 1.7
• Urogenital infection 6.6
• Congenital anomalies 2.1
• Acquired factors 2.6
• Varicocele 12.3
• Endocrine disturbances 0.6
• Immunological factors 3.1
• Other abnormalities 3.0
• Idiopathic abnormal semen (OAT* syndrome) or no
demonstrable cause 75.1
* OAT = Oligo-astheno-teratozoospermia.
14. ΓΙΑΓΝΩΗ – Δπγ.Δξεηάζειρ
πεπμοδιάγπαμμα
Overview of standard values for semen analysis according to the
1999 WHO criteria
• Volume > 2.0 mL
• pH 7.0-8.0
• Sperm concentration > 20 million/mL
• Total no. of spermatozoa > 40 million/ejaculate
• Motility > 50% with progressive motility or
25% with rapid motility within 60 min after
ejaculation
• Morphology > 14% of normal shape and form*
• Viability > 50% of spermatozoa
• Leukocytes < 1 million/mL
• Immunobead test (IBT) < 50% spermatozoa with adherent
particles
• MAR test** < 50% spermatozoa with adherent particles
* Assessment according to Kruger and Menkfeld criteria.
** MAR = Mixed antiglobulin reaction(μικτή αντίδραση αντισυαιρίνης).
20. ΓΙΑΓΝΩΗ – Δπγ.Δξεηάζειρ
κ/α ζπέπμαηορ
Most Common Organisms in Male Genital
Infection.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Cytomegalovirus
Chlamydia trachomatis Herpes simplex II
Trichomonas vaginalis Human papilloma virus
Ureaplasma urealyticum Epstein-Barr virus
Escherichia coli (other Hepatits B virus
gram-negative bacilli) HIV
Mycoplasma hominis
64. ΑΙΣΙΔ ΤΠΟΓΟΝΙΜΟΣΗΣΑ
ΟΡΥΙΚΔ
Hudson RW. Free sex steroid and sex hormone-binding globulin levels in
oligozoospermic men with varicoceles. Fertil Steril 1996;66(2):299-304.
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Queen's University and the
Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
OBJECTIVE: To measure free T, free E2, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)
levels in oligozoospermic men with varicoceles. DESIGN: Retrospective study.
PATIENTS: Sixty-four infertile patients with varicoceles. SETTING: A university-based
tertiary care referral center. INTERVENTIONS: Assessment of seminal cellular
characteristics, gonadotropin responses to GnRH, total and free T, and E2 and SHBG
levels before and after varicocele ligation. RESULTS: Thirty-eight men had excessive
preoperative gonadotropin responses to GnRH. These men had lower than normal
levels of free T and higher than normal levels of free E2 and SHBG. Thirty men had
improvements in seminal parameters, and sex steroid and SHBG values after
surgery. Seven spontaneous pregnancies and three pregnancies through IUI occurred
in their partners postoperatively. Twenty-six men had normal preoperative responses
to GnRH and normal free T, E2 and SHBG levels. None had postoperative
improvements in their semen analyses and no spontaneous pregnancies occurred in
their partners. Three pregnancies occurred with IUI. CONCLUSIONS: The men with
excessive responses to GnRH had abnormal free sex steroid levels. The majority had
improvements in semen analyses after varicocele repair and pregnancies occurred in
their partners. The men with normal gonadotropin responces to GnRH had normal
free sex steroid levels. Varicocele ligation had no effect on their semen parameters or
fertility potential.