Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
OSPE REVISION PATHOLOGY BDS 2ND YEAR / 3RD YEAR MBBS
1. BDS 2ND YEAR OSPE
SLIDES 2011
DR EJAZ WARIS
Associate Professor
Histopathology FMHC
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6. Chocolate agar
Chocolate agar (CHOC) - is a non-selective,
enriched growth medium.
It is a variant of the blood agar plate.
It contains red blood cells, which have been
lysed by heating very slowly to 56 °C.
Chocolate agar is used for growing fastidious
(fussy) respiratory bacteria, such as
Haemophilus influenzae.
These bacteria need growth factors, like NAD
and hematin, which are inside erythrocytes;
thus, a prerequisite to growth is lysis of the red
blood cells
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9. A nutrient culture medium that is enriched with whole
blood and used for the growth of certain strains of
bacteria.
Contains mammalian blood (usually sheep or horse),
typically at a concentration of 5–10%.
BAP are an enriched, differential media used to isolate
fastidious organisms and detect hemolytic activity.
β-hemolytic activity will show complete lysis of red blood
cells surrounding colony, while α-hemolysis will only
partially lyse hemoglobin and will appear green. γ-
hemolysis (or non-hemolytic) is the term referring to a
lack of hemolytic activity.
26. The Lowenstein-Jensen medium, popularly
known as LJ medium, is a growth medium
specially used for culture of Mycobacterium,
notably Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
When grown on LJ medium, M. tuberculosis
appears as brown, granule-like colonies.
The media must be incubated for a significant
length of time, usually four weeks, due to the
slow doubling time of M. tuberculosis compared
with other bacteria (15-20 hours).
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43. Cysteine
Lactose Electrolyte Deficient agar (CLED)
CLED agar is used to isolate and differentiate
urinary tract bacteria, since it inhibits Proteus
species swarming and can differentiate
between lactose fermenters and non-
fermenters.
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57. MacConkey agar (MAC)
A selective and differential media used to
differentiate between Gram negative bacteria
while inhibiting the growth of Gram positive
bacteria.
The addition of bile salts and crystal violet to the
agar inhibits the growth of most Gram positive
bacteria, making MacConkey agar selective.
Lactose and neutral red are added to
differentiate the lactose fermenters, which form
pink colonies, from lactose nonfermenters that
form clear colonies.
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68. Sabouraud agar is used to culture fungi
and has a low pH that inhibits the growth
of most bacteria;
also contains the antibiotic gentamicin to
specifically inhibit the growth of
Gram-negative bacteria.
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70. TripleSugar Iron medium is a differential
medium that can distinguish between a
number of Gram-negative enteric bacteria
based on their physiological ability (or lack
thereof) to:
a. metabolize lactose and/or sucrose
b. conduct fermentation to produce acid
c. produce gas during fermentation
d. generate H2S.
71. The medium contains 1.0% each of sucrose and lactose
and 0.1% glucose.
If only glucose is fermented, acid produced in the butt
will turn it yellow, but insufficient acid products are
formed to affect the methyl red in the slant.
However, if either sucrose or lactose are fermented,
sufficient fermentation products will be formed to turn
both the butt and the slant yellow.
If gas is formed during the fermentation, it will show in
the butt either as bubbles or as cracking of the agar.
If no fermentation occurs (as for an obligate aerobe), the
slant and butt will remain red.