contain basic concept of demography and various indicators for accessing progress

1. Demography &
Indicators
Dr. Deepak Upadhyay
Dept. 0f Community Medicine

2. Introduction
▪ DEFINITION – Demography is the scientific study of human
population which includes the study of changes in population
sizes its composition and distribution
▪ 3 Phenomena in demography: Change in
Population size – Growth or Decline
Composition of population
Distribution of population in space
 5 Processes in demography :
Fertility
Mortality
Marriage
Migration
Social mobility.
Demographic
Process
Fertility
Mortality
Marriage
Migration
Social
Mobility

3. Demographic Cycle
(Changes in population size and composition due to increase or decrease in
no of births and deaths)
5 STAGES OF DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
Stage BR DR Examples
I High
Stationary
India till 1920
II Early
Expanding
+ South Asia &
Africa
III Late
Expanding
India, China,
Singapore
IV Low
Stationary
UK, Denmark,
Sweden, Belgium
V Declining Germany &
Hungary
INDIA 1920 High Stationary
INDIA PRESENT Late Expanding
High
Stationary
Early
Expanding
Late
Expanding
Low
Stationary
Declining

4. Demographic Indicators
Population Size
Population Density
Age and Sex Composition
Sex Ratio
Dependency Ratio
Birth Rate
Death Rate
Growth Rate
Life Expectancy at Birth
Mortality & Fertility Rate
Population
Statistics
Vital
Statistics
(Population
Dynamics)
DEMOGRAPHIC
INDICATORS

5. Population size
▪ India has 2.4% world land area & 17% of world’s
population.
▪ Year 1921- “Big divide”.
▪ India’s population currently increasing at rate
of 16 million/yr.
HISTORICAL POPULATION
OF INDIA
Year Population
(Millions)
1901 238
1911 252
1921 251
1931 279
1941 318
1951 361
1961 439
1971 548
1981 683
1991 846
2001 1028
2011 1210
Population projection:
If our population continues
to grow at this rate:
By 2050 India’s population
will be 1.53 billion.

6. Population Density
▪ Population Density
India – 382 per km2 (Census 2011)
UP – 828 per km2 (Census 2011)
(Ranked 8th)
Highest – Delhi (11,297)
Lowest – Arunachal Pradesh (17)

7. Age & Sex Composition
AGE PYRAMID:
• Represents Age structure of a population.
• The age pyramid of India is typical of developing countries i.e. with a
“BROAD BASE” and “TAPERING TOP”.
 Proportion of population < 14 yrs. - “DECLINING
Trend” .
 Proportion of the elderly “INCREASING”.
This Imposes a greater BURDEN on Health
services in India.
Source: Census 2011

8. SEX RATIO
Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males
in the population.
The sex ratio in the country has always remained unfavorable
to females.
Census year Sex ratio
(Females
per 1000
males)
1951 946
1961 941
1971 930
1981 934
1991 927
2001 933
2011 940
Causes of low sex ratio:
 Strong Male child
preference
 Consequent gender
Inequities
 Neglect of the girl child
 Female infanticide
 Female foeticide
 High MMR
 Male bias in population
enumeration.
ALARMING: Census 2011
marks a considerable fall in
child sex ratio (0-6 yrs. ) and
has reached an all time low of
914 since 1961.

9. Dependency Ratio 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
0−14 years + 65 years & above
15 𝑡𝑜 65 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
DEMOGRAPHIC BONUS –
 A decline in the TDR d/t- Decline in
fertility.
 Key factor in Economic development.
DEMOGRAPHIC BURDEN –
 Increase in the TDR.
 Cause of Economic Burden.
For the Year 2010:
• Young Age dependency Ratio-47.9%
• Old Age dependency Ratio-7.7%

10. Family Size
Total number of children borne by a women at a
point in time during her child bearing age (15 to 45
years).
Long term goal NRR=1
“2 Child Family Norm”
Total fertility rate (TFR) gives an idea
of total family size.
TFR in India: 2.68 (NFHS-3).
Family size depends upon
Duration of marriage
Education of couple
No. of live births
Contraception method
Socioeconomic status etc

11. Urbanization
 Mass migration of rural population into urban centers resulting in increasing
the urban population & growth of cities.
 Cause of urbanization: “MIGRATION” d/t-
 Better employment opportunities.
 Better living standards.
 Better availability of social services like Education, Health, Transport,
Entertainment etc.
CENSUS 2011 Rural Population
(millions)
Urban Population
(millions)
Increase in Urban
population (%)
INDIA 833.1 377.1 3.35

12. LITERACY & EDUCATION
A person (7 yrs. or more) is considered as literate if he or she can read & write
with understanding in any language.
Highest Literacy Rate in India- KERALA (93.91).
Lowest - Bihar (Lit. Rate- 63.82%) & Arunachal Pradesh (Lit. Rate-66.9%)
Literacy Rates:
State Male Female Total
India 82.14 65.46 74.04
Uttar
Pradesh
79.24 59.26 69.72
Kerala 96.02 91.98 93.91
18.33
28.3
34.45
43.57
52.21
65.38
74.04
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Literacy Rate in India
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

13. Life
Expectancy
• Indicator of
country’s level of
development &
overall health
status of the
population.”
• The value for Life
expectancy at
birth, total
(years) in India
was 66.2 as of
2012.
Year Males Females
1901 23.63 23.96
1951 32.45 31.66
1961 41.89 40.55
1971 46.40 44.70
1981 54.10 54.70
1991 59.70 60.90
2001 63.90 66.90
2009 63 66
2011 64.3 73.5
Expectation of life - At a given age is the average number
of years which a person of that age may expect to live,
according to the mortality pattern prevalent in that
country.
Expectation of life at birth
(India):

14. AT A GLANCE:
REFERENCES: CENSUS 2011