Health in international development agenda_Health for all to SDG

Health in international development agenda:
“Health for all” to Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs)
Dr. Bhavesh Kanabar
Resident

Outline of presentation…
• Health for all
• Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs)
• Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs)
Apr 30, 2016 Health for all to SDG 2

Health for all

Back ground for “Health For All”
World:Health and related socio-economic problems
• 1000 million-trapped in vicious cycle of poverty,
malnutrition, disease
• Life expectancy:
55 years in developing countries
50 years in Africa and southern Asia
• IMR: 100 to 200/1000 LB in developing countries
• Only 1/3 population in least developed countries- access
to safe drinking water and sanitary facilities

Back ground (Contd…)
• Under nutrition-hundreds of millions of people
• Literacy
28% in least developed countries
900 million people in developing countries could neither
read nor write
• Health system
Poorly organized in most countries
Concentrated in cities only
2/3 population in developing countries did not have
access to any permanent health care

Mile stones for “Health for All”
1977 Decision for launching “ Health for All by 2000”
in 30th
World Health Assembly was taken
1978 Alma-Ata International conference stated that
Primary Health Care is the key to achieve target
of HFA
1979 32nd
World Health Assembly launched “ Health
for All by 2000”
1981 34th
World Health Assembly adopted “ Health
for All by 2000”

Definition of “Health For All”
“Attainment of a level of health that
will enable every individual to lead
a socially and economically
productive life"

1981
Global strategy for HFA was evolved by WHO
National strategies for individual countries

Monitoring and Evaluation
of Progress towards
“Health for all”

Global indicators for monitoring
progress towards “Health for all”
• Health policy indicators
• Social and economic indicators related to
health
• Indicators for the provision of health care
• Health status indicators

Health policy indicators
• Political commitment to "Health for All"
• Resource allocation
• Degree of equity of distribution of health services
• Community involvement
• Organizational framework and managerial process

Social and Economic indicators
related to health
• Rate of population increase
• GNP or GDP
• Income distribution
• Work conditions
• Adult literacy rate
• Housing
• Food availability

Indicators for the provision of
health care
• Availability
• Accessibility
• Utilization
• Quality of care

Health status indicators
• Low birth weight (percentage)
• Nutritional status and psychosocial development
of children
• Infant mortality rate
• Child mortality rate (1-4 years)
• Life expectancy at birth
• Maternal mortality rate
• Disease specific mortality
• Morbidity - incidence and prevalence
• Disability prevalence

“Health for all” targets for India
Indicator Level in 1978 Health for all
Target
Infant Mortality Rate 125/1000 live birth <60/1000 live birth
Life expectancy 52 years 64years
Crude Death Rate 14/1000 population 9/1000 population
Crude Birth Rate 33/1000 population 21/1000 population
Net Reproduction
Rate
1
To provide potable water to entire rural population

Achievements towards
“Health for all” in
South East Asian Region

Some achievements
• The average annual population growth rate in the
Region declined from
– 2.16% in 1975-1980 to 1.44% in 2000-2005.
• Life expectancies rose
• Infant mortality rates decreased
• The Region was close to eliminate leprosy and to
eradicate poliomyelitis
• It was certified free of guinea worm disease in
February 2000

Achievements (Contd..)
• The number of physicians in countries of the Region
2 to 26 per 100,000 population in 1970
4 to 48 and above per 100,000 by the 1990s.

Achievements (Contd..)
Successful health research projects in the Region
included
Dengue vaccine production in Thailand
Hepatitis B vaccine and anti-snake toxoid production in
Myanmar
Leprosy drug trials and community-based rehabilitation in
India
Testing drug resistance in malaria parasites in Thailand
Multicentric study on low birth weight and its risk factors
in India, Nepal and Sri Lanka

Achievements towards
“Health for all” in
India

Achievements of India
Sr.
No.
PARAMETERS YEARS
1951-61 1961 1991-94 1998-99 2002/03 2005/06
1 Crude Birth Rate 41.7
(1951)
37.2 28.7 (SRS
1993)
26.4 (SRS
1998)
25.4/24.8 21
2 Crude Death
Rate
25.1
(1951)
10.4
(SRS
1998)
8.4/8 7.6
3 Maternal
Mortality Ratio
>5
/1000 LB
4.37
/1000 LB
4.07
/1000 LB
4 Infant Mortality
Rate
146 110 74 (SRS
1993)
72 (SRS
1998)
63/60 45
5 Life expectancy
at birth (years)
41.3 50.5 56.6 62 64.6 56

Challenges
• Non-Communicable diseases figured prominently in
the spectrum of illnesses in the Region
– taking a toll of nearly seven million lives every year
• Tuberculosis and malaria still dominated the disease
pattern, with the added concern of drug resistance
• Kala-azar, once nearly eradicated, and plague, which
was dormant for decades, had reappeared
• HIV infection was assuming grave proportions

Challenges (contd..)
• Cases of cholera, caused by a new strain, O139,
needed careful monitoring
• Many countries still lack trained epidemiologists to
investigate and control outbreaks
• Less effective vector control due to increased
insecticide resistance
• An increasing trend in microbial resistance

Challenges (contd..)
• Changes in socioeconomic, demographic and
environmental patterns which favoured the
emergence and spread of infectious diseases
– Rapid population growth
– Increasing poverty
– Uncontrolled urbanization
– Environmental degradation
– Rapid increase in travel within as well as between
countries

Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs)

Millennium Development Goals

India’s progress towards MDGs

Indicator Year 1990
Actual/est.
value
MDG
target
2015
Latest
status
Likely
achievement
by 2015
MDG 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER
TARGET 1: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of
people whose income is less than one dollar a day
On -track
Proportion of population below
poverty line (%)
47.8 23.9 21.92
(2011-12)
20.74
TARGET 2: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of
people who suffer from hunger
Slow or
almost off-
track
Proportion of under-weight
children below 3 years (%)
52 26 40 (2005-
06)
33

Steps taken to achieve Goal 1
GOAL 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND
HUNGER
• Integrated Child Development Schemes (ICDS) [1975]
• Indira Awas Yojana (1985)
• Pradhan Mantry Gram Sadak Yojana (25th
Dec. 2000)
• The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
(3rd
Dec. 2005)
• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
Act (MGNREGA) [2nd
Feb 2006]
• National Food Security Mission (Oct 2007)
• Aajeevika-National Rural Livelihood Mission (June 2011)
• National Urban Livelihood Mission (13th
Feb 2015)

Immediate steps to be taken..
• To widen implementation of MGNREGA and Food
Security in poorer states
• Universalization of the Government’s financial
inclusion programme Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan
• Emphasis on both increasing growth and more
spending on poverty eradication programmes
• Vigorous implementing the ‘Make in India’

Indicator Year 1990
Actual/est.
value
MDG
target
2015
Latest
status
Likely
achievement
2015
MDG 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION
TARGET 3: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and
girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary
schooling
Moderately
on-track
Net Enrolment Ratio in
primary grade (%)
77 100 88.08
(2013-14)
Literacy rate of 15-24 year
olds
61 100 86.1 (2011) 93.38

MDG 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY
EDUCATION
• Early Childhood Care and Education under ICDS [1975]
• Mid Day Meal Scheme (15th
Aug 1995)
• Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (2000-01)

Indicator Year 1990
Actual/est.
value
MDG
target
2015
Latest
status
Likely
achievement
2015
MDG 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER
WOMEN
On-track
Ratio of girls to boys (Gender
Parity Index)
Primary education 0.73 1.00 1.03
(2013-14)
1
Secondary education 0.60 1.00 1
Tertiary education 0.54 1.00 0.89

MDG 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER
WOMEN
• Mahila Samakhya Programme (1988)
• Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (2000-01)
• National Programme for Education of Girls at Elementary Level (July
2003)
• Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidhyalaya Scheme (Aug 2004)
• Kishori Shakti Yojana (1st
Jan 2007)
• Rashtriya Madhyamic Shiksha Abhiyan (Mar 2009)
• Saakshar Bharat (8th
Sept 2009)
• Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls – SABLA
(1st
Apr 2011)
• Rashtriya Uchhtar Shiksha Abhiyan (2013)
• Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (Jan 2015)

Indicator Year 1990
Actual/est.
value
MDG
target
2015
Latest
status
Likely
achievement
2015
MDG 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY
TARGET 5 : Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the
Under- Five Morality Rate
Moderately on
– track due to
the sharp
decline in
recent years
Under five mortality rate (per
1000 live births)
126 42 49
(2013)
40
Infant Mortality rate (per
1000 live births)
80 27 40
(2013)
39
Proportion of 1 year-old
children immunized against
measles
42.2 100 74.1
(2009)
89

MDG 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY
• National Health Mission (NHM) [12th
Apr 2005-NRHM,
1st
May 2013-NUHM]
• Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK) [Feb 2013]

Indicator Year 1990
Actual/est.
value
MDG
target
2015
Latest
status
Likely
achievement
2015
MDG 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH
TARGET 6 : Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and
2015, the maternal mortality ratio
Slow or off-
track
Maternal mortality ratio
(per 100,000 live births)
437 109 167
(2011-
13)
140
Proportion of births
attended by skilled health
personnel (%)
33 100 76.2
(2009)
77.29

MDG 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH
• Indira Gandhi Matritav Sahyog Yojana (IGMSY) (2010)
• National Health Mission (NHM) [12th
Apr 2005-NRHM,
1st
May 2013-NUHM]

Indicator Year 1990
Actual/est.
value
MDG
target
2015
Latest
status
Likely
achievement
2015
MDG 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES
TARGET 7 : Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the
spread of HIV/AIDS
On-track as
trend reversal
in HIV
prevalence
has achieved
HIV Prevalence among
pregnant women aged 15-24
years ( % )
Target is trend
reversal and not based
on base year value
0.32
(2012-
13)
Trend
reversal
Condom use at last high-risk
sex (%)
74
(2010)

Indicator Year 1990
Actual/est.
value
MDG
target
2015
Latest
status
Likely
achievement
2015
MDG 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES
TARGET 8: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the
incidence of malaria and other major diseases
(trend reversal has achieved for Annual Parasite
Incidence of Malaria and for prevalence of TB )
Moderately
on-track
Annual parasite incidence
(API) rate (Malaria)
2.57 reversal
of trend
0.80
(upto
Nov-
2014)
Achieved
reversal trend
Prevalence of TB (including
HIV) per 100,000 population
338 211
(2013)
Deaths due to TB per 100,000
population
43 19

MDG 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND
OTHER DISEASES
• Urban Malaria Scheme (1971)
• National AIDS Control Programme (1992)
• Revised National TB Control Programme (26th
Mar 1997)
• National Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme
(2003-04)

Indicator Year
1990
Actual/es
t. value
MDG
target
2015
Latest
status
Likely
achievement
2015
MDG 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
TARGET 10: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without
sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
On-track for
the indicator
of drinking
water, but
slow for the
indicator of
Sanitation
Households with
sustainable access to an
improved water
source(%)
Urban 87.12 93.56 95.3
(2012)
97.5
Rural 58.94 79.47 88.5
(2012)
96.3
Households without
access to sanitation (%)
Urban 24.1 15.84 8.8
(2012)
12.14
Rural 87.1 46.64 59.4
(2012)
61.11

MDG 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY
• Nirmal Gram Puraskar (Oct 2003)
• National Rural Drinking Water Programme (Apr 2009)
• Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (2nd
Oct 2014)

MDG: what we met and missed

Recapping the journey
of Health in international
development agenda……..

Sustainable
Development
Goals (SDG)

 17 goals
 169 targets
 More than 300 indicators

UN Headquarter

BARAK OBAMA’S SPEECH AT SDG SUMMIT

SDGs- Introduction

Areas of critical importance in
SDGs
• People
• Planet
• Prosperity
• Peace
• Partnership

SDGs- Introduction
• SDGs -not legally binding
• Governments - to take ownership and establish
national frameworks
• Countries - Primary responsibility for follow-up and
review of the progress
– Quality
– Accessible and timely data collection.

Sustainable Development Goals
• Goal 1
End poverty in all its forms everywhere
• Goal 2
End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition
and promote sustainable agriculture
• Goal 3
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all
ages
• Goal 4
Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and
promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

SDGs
• Goal 5
Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
• Goal 6
Ensure availability and sustainable management of water
and sanitation for all
• Goal 7
Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern
energy for all
• Goal 8
Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic
growth, full and productive employment and decent work
for all

SDGs
• Goal 9
Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and
sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
• Goal 10
Reduce inequality within and among countries
• Goal 11
Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,
resilient and sustainable
• Goal 12
Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

SDGs
• Goal 13
Take urgent action to combat climate change and its
impacts
• Goal 14
Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine
resources for sustainable development
• Goal 15
Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial
ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat
desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and
halt biodiversity loss

SDGs
• Goal 16
Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable
development, provide access to justice for all and build
effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all
levels
• Goal 17
Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the
global partnership for sustainable development

Transitioning from MDGs to SDGs

Goal 1
End poverty in all its forms everywhere

Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms
everywhere
Background
836 million people still live in extreme poverty
About one in five persons in developing regions lives on
less than $1.25 per day
High poverty rates are often found in small, fragile and
conflict-affected countries
One in seven children under age five in the world has
inadequate height for his or her age

Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms
everywhere
Targets (total 7)
By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people
everywhere, currently measured as people living on less
than $1.25 a day
By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men,
women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its
dimensions according to national definitions

Goal 2
End hunger, achieve food security, improve
nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food
security .......
Background
Globally, one in nine people in the world today (795
million) are undernourished
The vast majority of the world’s hungry people live in
developing countries, where 12.9 per cent of the
population is undernourished.
Asia is the continent with the most hungry people – two
thirds of the total.

Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food
security .......
Background
Poor nutrition causes nearly half (45 per cent) of
deaths in children under five.
One in four of the world’s children suffer stunted
growth.
In developing countries the proportion can rise to one
in three.

Goal 2 (Contd…)
By 2030, end hunger and ensure access to safe,
nutritious and sufficient food all year round in particular
to..
Poor
People in vulnerable situations,
Infants
By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition,
Address the nutritional needs of ...
Adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and
older persons

Goal 3
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all
at all ages

Goal 3 Ensure healthy lives.....
Background
Child health
17,000 fewer children die each day than in 1990, but
more than six million children still die before their
fifth birthday each year
Children born into poverty are almost twice as likely
to die before the age of five as those from wealthier
families.
Since 2000, measles vaccines have averted nearly
15.6 million deaths

Goal 3 (Contd…)
Maternal health
Maternal mortality has fallen by almost 50 per cent
since 1990
But maternal mortality ratio –– in developing regions is still 14
times higher than in the developed regions
In developing regions, antenatal care increased from 65
per cent in 1990 to 83 per cent in 2012
Only half of women in developing regions receive the
recommended amount of health care they need

Goal 3 (Contd…)
 HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
At the end of 2014, there were 13.6 million people
accessing antiretroviral therapy
At the end of 2013.....
New HIV infections -estimated at 2.1 million
An estimated 35 million people- living with HIV
240 000 children were newly infected with HIV

Goal 3 (Contd…)
 HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Over 6.2 million malaria deaths have been averted
between 2000 and 2015
The global malaria incidence rate has fallen by an
estimated 37 per cent and the morality rates by 58 per
cent
Between 2000 and 2013, tuberculosis prevention,
diagnosis and treatment interventions saved an estimated
37 million lives
The tuberculosis mortality rate fell by 45 per cent and
the prevalence rate by 41 per cent between 1990 and
2013

Goal 3 (Contd…)
By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to
less than 70 per 100,000 live births
By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and
children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to
reduce....
• Neonatal mortality -12 per 1,000 live births
• Under-5 mortality -25 per 1,000 live births

Goal 3 (Contd…)
Targets
By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis,
malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat
hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable
diseases
By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality
from non-communicable diseases through prevention
and treatment and promote mental health and well-being

Goal 3 (Contd…)
Targets
Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance
abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of
alcohol
By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries
from road traffic accidents
By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and
reproductive health-care services

Goal 3 (Contd…)
Targets
Achieve universal health coverage, including financial
risk protection, access to quality essential health-care
services
By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and
illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and
soil pollution and contamination
Strengthen the implementation of the World Health
Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco
Control in all countries, as appropriate

Goal 3 (Contd…)
Targets
Support the research and development of vaccines and
medicines for the communicable and non-communicable
diseases.
Substantially increase health financing and the
recruitment, development, training and retention of the
health workforce
Strengthen the capacity of all countries for early
warning, risk reduction and management of national and
global health risks

Goal 4
Ensure inclusive and quality education for all and
promote lifelong learning

Goal 4 (Contd....)
Back ground
Enrolment in primary education in developing countries
has reached 91 per cent but .....
57 million children remain out of school
103 million youth worldwide lack basic literacy skills,
and more than 60 per cent of them are women

Goal 4 (Contd....)
By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to
quality early childhood development, care and pre-
primary education
By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and
Ensure equal access to all levels of education for the
vulnerable, including persons with disabilities.

Goal 5
Achieve gender equality and empower all women
and girls

Goal 5 (Contd....)
Targets (target 9)
End all forms of discrimination against all women and
girls everywhere
Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and
girls in the public and private spheres, including
trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation

Goal 5 (Contd....)
Targets (target 9)
Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and
forced marriage and female genital mutilation
Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive
health and reproductive rights

Goal 6
Ensure access to water and sanitation for all

Goal 6 (Contd....)
Background:
2.6 billion people have gained access to improved
drinking water sources since 1990, but 663 million
people are still without
At least 1.8 billion people globally use a source of
drinking water that is fecally contaminated
2.4 billion people lack access to basic sanitation
services, such as toilets or latrines

Goal 6 (Contd....)
Background
More than 80 per cent of wastewater resulting from
human activities is discharged into rivers or sea without
any pollution removal
Each day, nearly 1,000 children die due to preventable
water and sanitation-related diarrhoeal diseases

Goal 6 (Contd....)
By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe
and affordable drinking water for all
By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable
sanitation and hygiene for all
To end open defecation, paying special attention to
the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable
situations

Goal 7
Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable
and modern energy for all

Goal 7 (Contd....)
Back ground
3 billion people rely on wood, coal, charcoal or animal
waste for cooking and heating
Energy is the dominant contributor to climate change,
accounting for around 60 per cent of total global
greenhouse gas emissions
Reducing the carbon intensity of energy is a key objective
in long-term climate goals

Goal 7 (Contd....)
By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable
and modern energy services
By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable
energy in the global energy mix
By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy
efficiency

Goal 8
Promote inclusive and sustainable economic
growth, employment and decent work for all

Goal 8 (Contd....)
Background:
Global unemployment increased from 170 million in
2007 to nearly 202 million in 2012
Poverty eradication is only possible through stable and
well-paid jobs

Goal 8 (Contd....)
Targets ( total 12)
Take immediate and effective measures.....
To eradicate forced labour
To end modern slavery
To end human trafficking
To end child labour in all its forms by 2025
Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure
working environments employment

Goal 9
Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable
industrialization and foster innovation

Goal 9 (Contd....)
Background
Basic infrastructure like roads, information and
communication technologies, electrical power etc.
remains scarce in many developing countries
Undeveloped infrastructures limits access to health
care and education

Goal 9 (Contd....)
Target (8)
Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient
infrastructure, including
Regional and trans-border infrastructure
To support economic development and human well-
being,
 With a focus on affordable and equitable access for all

Goal 10
Reduce inequality within and among countries

Goal 10 (Contd....)
Background
Children of under 5 age group in the poorest 20 per cent
of the populations are still up to three times more likely
to die than children in the richest quintiles
Social protection has been significantly extended globally,
yet persons with disabilities are up to five times more
likely than average to incur catastrophic health
expenditures

Goal 10 (Contd....)
Background
Despite overall declines in maternal mortality in the
majority of developing countries, women in rural areas
are still up to three times more likely to die while giving
birth than women living in urban centres

Goal 10 (Contd....)
By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic
and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex,
disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or
other status

Goal 11
Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

Goal 11 (Contd....)
Background
Half of humanity – 3.5 billion people – lives in cities
today
By 2030, almost 60 per cent of the world’s population will
live in urban areas
Rapid urbanization is exerting pressure on fresh water
supplies, sewage, the living environment, and public
health

Goal 11 (Contd....)
Targets(9)
By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental
impact of cities, including by paying special attention to
air quality and municipal and other waste management
By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and
accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for
women and children, older persons and persons with
disabilities

Goal 12
Ensure sustainable consumption and production
patterns

Goal 12 (Contd....)
Background
Each year, an estimated one third of all food produced –
(equivalent to 1.3 billion tonnes) worth around US $1
trillion – ends up rotting in the bins of consumers and
retailers, or spoiling due to poor transportation and
harvesting practices
If people worldwide switched to energy efficient light
bulbs the world would save US $120 billion annually

Goal 12 (Contd....)
Background
Water
Less than 3 per cent of the world’s water is fresh
(drinkable), of which 2.5 per cent is frozen in the
Antarctica, Arctic and glaciers
Humanity must therefore rely on 0.5 per cent for
all of man’s ecosystem’s and fresh water needs
Man is polluting water faster than nature can recycle
and purify water in rivers and lakes.

Goal 12 (Contd....)
Background
Food
3 billion tonnes of food is wasted every year while
almost 1 billion people go undernourished and
another 1 billion hungry
Overconsumption of food is detrimental to our
health and the environment
2 billion people globally are overweight or obese

Goal 12 (Contd....)
By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail
and consumer levels and reduce food losses along
production and supply chains, including post-harvest
losses
By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound
management of chemicals and all wastes throughout
their life cycle, and significantly reduce their release to
air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse
impacts on human health and the environment

Goal 13
Take urgent action to combat climate change and
its impacts

Goal 13 (Contd....)
Background
From 1880 to 2012, average global temperature
increased by 0.85°C.
For each 1 degree of temperature increase, grain yields
decline by about 5 per cent
Oceans have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have
diminished and sea level has risen

Goal 13 (Contd....)
Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-
related hazards and natural disasters in all countries
Integrate climate change measures into national
policies, strategies and planning

Goal 14
Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and
marine resources

Goal 14 (Contd....)
Background
Over three billion people depend on marine and coastal
biodiversity for their livelihoods
Oceans absorb about 30 per cent of carbon dioxide
produced by humans, buffering the impacts of global
warming
Oceans serve as the world’s largest source of protein,
with more than 3 billion people depending on the oceans
as their primary source of protein

Goal 14 (Contd....)
By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine
pollution of all kinds
By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and
coastal ecosystems in order to achieve healthy and
productive oceans

Goal 15
Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification,
halt and reverse land degradation, halt
biodiversity loss

Goal 15 (Contd....)
Background
Due to drought and desertification each year 12 million
hectares are lost (23 hectares per minute), where 20
million tons of grain could have been grown
74 per cent of the poor are directly affected by land
degradation globally
As many as 80 per cent of people living in rural areas in
developing countries rely on traditional plant-based
medicines for basic health care

Goal 15 (Contd....)
By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable
management of all types of forests, halt deforestation,
restore degraded forests
By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land
and soil, including land affected by desertification,
drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land
degradation-neutral world

Goal 16
Promote just, peaceful and inclusive societies

Goal 16 (Contd....)
Background
Corruption, bribery, theft and tax evasion cost some US
$1.26 trillion for developing countries per year;
This amount of money could be used to lift those who
are living on less than $1.25 a day to above poverty
level for at least six years
The rate of children leaving primary school in conflict
affected countries reached 50 per cent in 2011

Goal 16 (Contd....)
Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their
forms
Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related
death rates everywhere
End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of
violence against and torture of children

Goal 17
Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable
development

Goal 17 (Contd....)
Background
Official development assistance stood at $135.2 billion in
2014, the highest level ever recorded
79 per cent of imports from developing countries enter
developed countries duty-free
The debt burden on developing countries remains stable at
about 3 per cent of export revenue

Goal 17 (Contd....)
Finance
Technology
Capacity building
Trade
Systemic issues

Thank
you

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