2014 02-18 drake univ faculty forum

Rethinking Library Resources: Print
Collections in a Digital Age
Drake University Faculty Forum
February 18, 2014

SCS Mission

To help libraries manage and share print
monographs

Sustainablecollections.com

2

SCS Experience
• Individual Library Projects
• Johns Hopkins University

• Boston College
• McGill University
• Amherst College

• Group Projects
• Michigan Shared Print Initiative
• Connect New York
• WRLC (Washington Research Library Consortium)

• VIVA (Virtual Library of Virginia)

3

Today’s Specials
• The Why: The Changing Value of Local Print
Collections
• The How: Using Data to Inform Collections
Decisions
• Shared Print Monographs


6

THE WHY: THE CHANGING VALUE
OF LOCAL PRINT COLLECTIONS
7

Evolution of the Library
Paradigm
Reader-centered: from monastic scriptorium and library;
dominated by light and reading tables
Book-centered: collection growth;
unrelenting need for more shelving

Learning-centered: digital content; information commons;
learning spaces; information literacy
Source: Scott Bennett, Libraries and Learning:
A History of Paradigm Change (2003)

8

Collection Development Trends
• Mass digitization of historical print
• Journals: JSTOR, Portico, et al
• Books: Hathi Trust, Early English Books Online, ECCO

• Access supplanting ownership
• Patron-initiated selection and acquisition (PDA)

• Shared regional and consortial collections
• Integration with teaching and learning
• Increased focus on usage/space considerations

• Curating a discovery environment
9

Lewis: From the Stacks to the Web…
• Deconstruct legacy print collections
• Slow current growth

• Print journals, government documents, books

• Move from item-by-item selection to purchaseon-demand or subscriptions
• Manage the transition to Open Access journals
• Curate the unique

10

Academic libraries need to…

move beyond defining themselves by their
distinctive collections and move to definitions
of excellence based on distinctive services.”
Scott Walter, “Guest Editorial: ’Distinctive Signifiers of Excellence’:
Library Services and the Future of the Academic Library,” College &
Research Libraries 72(January 2011)

11

Meet users where they work…

13

Curate the local and unique

14

Issues facing print book collections
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Stacks are overcrowded
Use of print books is low and declining
Library space is wanted for other purposes
Print redundancy is significant
The cost of keeping books on shelves is high
Alternatives exist, but data is scattered
Traditional approaches to deselection are costly
and time-consuming


15

Stacks are crowded and empty

16

Use of print books is low and declining
• 30 million books, 88 libraries
• 6% of books accounted for 80% of
circulation

• ‘help reduce unnecessary
duplication’
• ‘determine how many copies of
books are desirable’


http://www.oclc.org/research/publications/library/2
011/2011-06r.htm

17

Circulation in Academic Libraries:
Declining Since 2004

37%
Decline

18

Space Requirements: Monographs
Volumes
100,000
250,000
500,000
1,000,000
2,700,000

Square Feet
20,000
45,000
80,000
150,000
405,000
Source: Stephen R. Lawrence, Lynn Silipigni
Connaway, and Keith H. Brigham, “Life Cycle
Costs of Library Collections” College &
Research Libraries, November 2001, p. 546.

20

Library space is wanted
for other purposes…
“The crowding out of readers
by reading materials is one
of the most common and
disturbing ironies in library
space planning.”

--Scott Bennett


21

Lifecycle Costs: Monographs
• CLIR, June 2010

• Courant & Nielsen
• Estimated Annual Costs
 $4.26/ volume annually in
central stacks
 $0.86/volume in highdensity facility

22

Print redundancy is significant…

Potential for shared print
And local reductions

24

The Case of Bertrand Russell…
Alternatives exist, but the data is scattered…

Just because it’s rational doesn’t mean it’s
easy…

25


26

WHAT TO DO?


28

How else could we…?
• Preserve collection integrity
• Assure low-use content is available if/when
needed
AND
• Bear less unnecessary cost

• Free more space for users and other purposes
29

Store Onsite: BookBot and Virtual Browse?


32

User space—NCSU Library


37

Independent action in a collective context


38

Shared print initiatives (Monographs)
• Michigan Shared Print Initiative (MI-SPI)
• Maine Shared Collection Strategy

• Connect New York Shared Print Archiving
• Central Iowa Collaborative Collections Initiative
• Washington Research Library Consortium
• Virtual Library of Virginia
• Academic Libraries of Indiana

39


40

Reasonable questions
• What to manage locally?

• What to manage above the institution?


41

THE HOW: USING DATA TO INFORM
COLLECTIONS DECISIONS
43

Two functions of library print collections
• Preservation function
• “Dispensing” function: accounts for the “the
great preponderance of operating costs.

Source: Michael Buckland, Redesigning Library
Services: A Manifesto (Chicago: American Library
Association, 1992).


44

‘Archive’ copies
• Digital Archives
• Secure, high-quality

• Hathi Trust, Portico
• CRL certification

• Print Archives
• Failsafe for technological or natural disaster
• New digital surrogates or re-digitization

• Dark, dim, or light?
48

‘Service’ copies
• Once content is securely archived, ‘dispensing’
function can be managed with fewer surplus
copies
• Focus on distribution, convenience, speed of
delivery
• Borrow or re-purchase; print, electronic
(including PDA, DDA, Short-term Loan); POD
49

Surplus copies
• Archiving requirements satisfied
• Sufficient service copies to meet anticipated
demand
• How many holdings/copies remain?

• Are all of them needed?


50

Good Decisions Require Data
• How many holdings/copies?
• Where are they?
• Is the title secure?
• Can the title be accessed quickly?

• Can the title be re-obtained if needed?
• What options are available for each title?


51

Title-Level Metadata


54

Library-Level Collection Summary:
Total Uses Since 1992 (20 years)
3

Circulation: 0 Charges

138,415

145,559

43%

4

In-House Uses: > 0

47,394

48,542

14%

129,933

139,573

41%

58,916

60,463

18%

35,459

35,976

11%

23,472

23,730

7%

78,786

80,482

24%

50,610

51,592

15%

92,521

97,824

29%

Total Uses: 0
(charges and in-house uses combined)
Total Uses: 1
6
Total Uses: 2
7
Total Uses: 3
8
Total Uses: > 3
9
Total Uses: > 5
10
5

11 Circulation: last charge date > 2002

56

Collection Summary: WorldCat Holdings Distribution
Titles

Items

Percent of
Filtered Item
Records

12

> 100 holdings in USA - WorldCat
(includes Drake's Holding)

266,495

279,752

82%

13

> 50 holdings in USA - WorldCat

289,583

304,612

90%

14

< 5 holdings in USA - WorldCat

10,178

10,834

3%

15

> 5 holdings in Iowa - WorldCat

152,556

160,149

47%

28,062

30,560

9%

16 Unique in Iowa - WorldCat

57

SCS Monographs Index 2013


59

SHARED PRINT MANAGEMENT:
GROUP PROJECTS

60

SCS Group Projects to Date
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Michigan Shared Print Initiative (MI-SPI)
Maine Shared Collection Strategy
Connect New York Shared Print Archiving
California State University System
Central Iowa Collaborative Collections Initiative
Tri-University Group (Canada)
Washington Research Library Consortium
Virtual Library of Virginia
Academic Libraries of Indiana


61

Recorded Uses
CI-CCI Title-Holding Counts
1

All Title Holdings - Filtered

All Libraries

%

1,048,251

100%

Recorded Use Counts
2

448,173

43%

3

Total Recorded Uses = 1

208,568

20%

4


119,039

11%

5


73,754

7%

6

Total Recorded Uses 4-9

150,156

14%

7

Total Recorded Uses > 10

48,651

5%

14

Last charge after 2010

104,933

10%

15


211,842

20%

16
66



272,626

26%

WorldCat™ Counts – US
WorldCat Counts - US - Specific Edition

Title Holdings

%

2

2,804

0%

4

2-4 Holdings in the US

7,327

1%

6

5-9 Holdings in US

10,822

1%

8

10-19 Holdings in US

19,452

2%

10

20+ Holdings In US

1,007,213

96%

12

50+ Holdings in US

953,539

91%

14

100+ Holdings in the US

875,579

84%

16

68

Unique in the US

200+ Holdings in the US

728,019

69%

WorldCat™ Counts – Iowa
WorldCat Counts - Iowa - Specific Edition

Title Holdings

%

18

105,880

10%

20

2-4 Holdings in Iowa

322,899

31%

22

5-9 Holdings in Iowa

347,872

33%

24

69

Unique in Iowa

10+ Holdings in Iowa

268,032

26%

CI-CCI Overlap
Based on SCS Matching
Overlap within the 5 CI-CCI member libraries

Title Holdings

%

2

526,526

50%

3

Title-holdings in 2 libraries

280,360

27%

4

Titles-holdings in 3 libraries

154,351

15%

5

Titles-holdings in 4 libraries

68,681

7%

6

70

Unique in group

Titles-holdings in all 5 libraries

18,333

2%

18,333 titles are held by all 5 CI-CCI Libraries
Pub
Year

CI-CCI
Recorded Uses

The Interpreter's Bible : the Holy Scriptures in the King James and Revised
standard versions with general articles and introduction, exegesis, exposition
for each book of the Bible

1951

362

Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix by J.K. Rowling

2003

280

Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince by J.K. Rowling

2005

278

Denying the Holocaust: the Growing Assault on Truth and Memory by Deborah
1994
Lipstadt

135

The Catcher in the Rye by JD Salinger

1951

126

Ethnicity and Family Therapy edited byMonica McGoldrick, Joe Giorano …

1996

118

Bury my heart at Wounded Knee; an Indian history of the American West by
Dee Brown

1971

116

A thousand splendid suns by Khaled Hosseini

2007

106

Gilead by Marilynne Robinson

2004

99

71
The great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald

1991

96

Title/Author

Overlap with other IPAL Libraries
Overlap with other IPAL libraries – specific editions

Title Holdings

%

29

170,962

16%

30

WorldCat holding set in 2-4 other IPAL libraries

293,053

28%

32

WorldCat holding set in 5-9 other IPAL libraries

155,259

15%

34

72

WorldCat holding set in 1 other IPAL Library

WorldCat holding set in 10+ other IPAL libraries

33,678

3%

Overlap with other Iowa Universities
WorldCat Counts

Title Holdings

%

36 Holding set by the Univ of Northern Iowa

47%

38 Holding set by the University of Iowa

684,025

65%

40 Holding set by Iowa State University

73

490,738

621,218

59%

CI-CCI Title-Holdings by Publication Year

74

Average number of CI-CCI
library holdings per title
by publication year
1985 = 1.54 (peak value)
2012 = 1.15

75

SHARED RESPONSIBILITY, SHARED
BENEFIT
78

CI-CCI Title Holdings by Holding Level
526,526 uniquely held titles
50%

280,360 titles
27%

154,351 titles
15%
68,681 titles
7%
18,333 titles
2%

Number of CI-CCI libraries holding title

CI-CCI Title Holdings by Holding and Circulation Levels
600,000

500,000

0 Circs
1-3 Circs
400,000

253,849

4+ Circs
300,000

116,928
200,000

88,920

192,177
109,096

100,000

80,500

94,699

54,336

57,746

2

3-5

-

1

Shared Withdrawal Scenarios within the CI-CCI 5
Titles Published and Acquired before 2000
0 Circulations

1 or fewer
circulations

3 or fewer
circulations

Keep 1
Title-holding

101K withdraw
315K retain

150K withdraw
266K retain

194K withdraw
221K retain

Keep 2
Title-holdings

36K withdraw
157K retain

51K withdraw
142K retain

65K withdraw
128K retain

Keep 3
Title-holdings

10K withdraw
59K retain

14K withdraw
56K retain

17K withdraw
52K retain

81

October 24, 2013
Final Withdrawal/Retention Candidate Criteria
Keep 1 title holding within CI-CCI
At least 1 non-CI-CCI library in Iowa also holds the title (any edition)
Published before 1991
Zero recorded uses since 2005
CI-CCI
FINAL Allocation Tallies
Allocated
SCS
Withdrawals
Institution ID
Titles

Institution
Central
Drake
Grand View
Grinnell
Simpson
Total

760
761
762
763
764

Allocated
Withdrawals
Items

Allocated
Retentions
Titles

Allocated
Retentions
Items

29,802
51,324
16,845
51,806
24,272

31,197
54,372
17,926
55,969
25,928

26,401
45,229
14,934
45,718
20,375

28,073
48,635
16,027
52,549
22,828

174,049

185,392

152,657

168,112

82

CI-CCI: A Model Shared Print Project
• CI-CCI: entrepreneurial effort
• Evolved from ‘independent action in a
collective context’ to full collaboration
• All titles held in Des Moines area now subject
to formal long-term retention commitments
• 126,000 surplus holdings/copies eligible for
withdrawal

• Built on existing trust network
84

CI-CCI: A Model Shared Print Project
• Potentially scalable more broadly to IPAL?
• Regents libraries play an foundational, but not
exclusive role
• Influence on prospective collection
development
• An early success in shared print
• Mirrors the pattern we have seen in other
projects….
85

Strong preferences: print, self-sufficiency
Hathi Trust or
other digital
surrogate
Print in
Collective
Collection

Print in state

Print within
group


86

Q & A / DISCUSSION


87

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