2. Types of glaucoma
Open angle
Ocular hypertension
Glaucoma suspect
Primary open angle
Exfoliative
Pigmentary
Normal/low tension
Congenital/Juvenile
Narrow angle
Acute
Chronic
Secondary glaucoma
3. OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA SPECTRUM
OCT = ocular coherence tomography of disc & macula
GDX = scanning laser polarimetry of nerve fibre layer
FDT = frequency doubling technology
SWAP = short wave automated perimetry
CV = baring of circumlinear vessel of disc
4. OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA
Approximately 10% of UK blindness registrations are related
to glaucoma.
Around half a million people are currently affected by COAG
in England and there are over a million glaucoma-related
outpatient visits in the hospital eye service (HES) annually.
On average a person diagnosed with glaucoma will have one
initial visit and 40 follow up visits.
Fifty percent of glaucoma in the community in UK remains
undiagnosed; previously undetected cases are largely
identified at routine sight tests by community optometrists.
The number of individuals affected with COAG is expected
to rise due to changes in population demographics.
5. Standard Examination
Visual Acuity
Visual field testing (Humphrey)
Central corneal thickness
Intraocular pressure (Goldmann)
Gonioscopy
Dilated optic disc and fundus examination
Digital optic disc photos and imaging
(OCT disc & macula)
9. Intraocular pressure (tonometry)
Normal is between 10mmHg and 21mmHg
(above atmospheric)
Is some people, even this statistically normal
pressure too high for that individual person =
Normal Pressure Glaucoma (NPG)
Measure the pressure indirectly:
Applanation
Tonopen
Icare
Pulsair
Schiotz
16. TREATMENT FOR PEOPLE WITH OHT OR SUSPECTED COAG
CENTRAL
CORNEAL
THICKNESS
>590 micrometres 555-590 micrometres <555 micrometres
ANY
UNTREATED
IOP (mmHg)
>21-25 25-32 >21-25 25-32 >21-25 25-32 >32
AGE (yrs) ANY ANY ANY
TREAT UNTIL
60
TREAT UNTIL
65
TREAT UNTIL
80
ANY
TREATMENT
NO
TREATMENT
NO
TREATMENT
NO
TREATMENT
PGA PGA PGA PGA
17. Antiglaucoma medications
Prostaglandin analogues
Latanoprost/ Travaprost
Prostamides( Bimatoprost)
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (Brinzolamide, Dorzolamide)
Alpha 2 agonists (Brimonidine)
Beta Blockers (Timolol)
Pilocarpine
Combinations of the above
Oral acetazolamide
After start or change in treatment, check IOP at 1-4 months
18. Monitoring intervals for patients on treatment for OHT or suspected COAG
Clinical assessment Monitoring interval (mnths
IOP at target
Risk of
conversion to
COAG
Outcome IOP alone
IOP, optic
nerve head
visual field
Yes Low
No change in
treat plan
Not
applicable
12-24
Yes High
No change in
treat plan
Not
applicable
6-12
No Low
Review target
IOP or
change treat
plan
1-4 6-12
No High
Review target
IOP or
change treat
plan
1-4 4-6
19. Monitoring intervals for patients on treatment for COAG
Clinical assessment Monitoring interval (months)
IOP at target Progression Outcome IOP alone
IOP, optic nerve
head, visual field
Yes No
No change in
treatment plan
Not
applicable
6-12
Yes Yes
Review target
IOP and change
treat plan
1-4 2-6
Yes Uncertain
No change in
treatment plan
Not
applicable
2-6
No No
Review target
IOP or change
treatment plan
1-4 6-12
No Yes/Uncertain
Change treatment
plan 1-2 2-6
20. Glaucoma treatment
Laser
Laser iridotomy in narrow
angle (prevention and
therapy)
Laser trabeculoplasty in
open angle glaucoma
Selective (SLT)
Argon Laser (ALT)
Cyclophotocoagulation
Surgery
Trabeculectomy
with mitomycin-C (MMC)
with 5-fluorouracil (5FU)
Non penetrating glaucoma
surgery
Drainage devices
Minimally invasive glaucoma
surgery (MIGS)
Trabectome
21. Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) is less common
than COAG, but it is associated with higher rates of
blindness. PACG is more common in people of far eastern
origin. The acute form of PACG requires urgent treatment.
ANGLE CLOSURE GLAUCOMA