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2012 February dama chicago
1. Dimensional Modeling while Partnering with the Business Community 2/16/2012
Dimensional Modeling
g
while
Partnering
with the
Business Community
Laura L. Reeves
February, 2012
Agenda
• C
Current d t warehousing climate
t data h i li t
• Partnering with the business
• Focus on the data
The Business Dimensional Model (BDM)
• Putting it all together
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2. Dimensional Modeling while Partnering with the Business Community 2/16/2012
Critical Challenges
• How can you deliver more….
with fewer resources?
• How can you increase the value of what
you deliver?
• What does the changing technology
landscape mean to you?
l d t ?
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Reflection
• How would your business users grade
you?
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3. Dimensional Modeling while Partnering with the Business Community 2/16/2012
Common DW Climate
• DW may fall short of business expectations
Too hard to use
It takes too long to get new reports or add
more data
• Disconnect between IT and the Business
Business Perspective
– IT does not deliver what we need
– Build solutions ourselves
IT Perspective
– Business can’t tell us what they really want
– Build it for them and expect them to use it
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Time to Set A New Direction
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4. Dimensional Modeling while Partnering with the Business Community 2/16/2012
Getting the Right Tools
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What does not change?
People Data
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5. Dimensional Modeling while Partnering with the Business Community 2/16/2012
Partner with the
Business
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Strengthen Your IT Team
• Invest now in your staff
• Practice critical skills
Listening
Writing
Communication
Collaboration
• Some people will thrive, but not everyone
wants to or has aptitude to transition to
this new world.
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6. Dimensional Modeling while Partnering with the Business Community 2/16/2012
Cultivate Problem Solvers
• Provide exposure to new
ideas and approaches
If the only tool you have ever
used is a hammer, then
everything begins to look like a
nail.
• Encourage curiosity
• Reward creativity
• Continue to invest in
learning new technologies
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Invest in Your
IT-
IT-Business Partnership
• Make conscious choices to build
partnership
Start by changing your behavior
• IT needs to take time to learn about the
business
Speak in business terms
Keep technology out of the discussion
• Business needs to actively participate
Learn basics of DW/BI
• Solicit ideas/suggestions from each other
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7. Dimensional Modeling while Partnering with the Business Community 2/16/2012
Understand True
Business Requirements
• Gather broad business requirements
Understand business goals, plans and
challenges
How is success measured?
What information is needed to help make
decisions?
• Actively collaborate
• Detailed specifications will be needed later
to flesh out specific report design,
dashboards, ETL business rules
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Business
Requirements Drive…
• Decisions to jointly scope projects that
deliver business value and are achievable
Business should drive purpose and direction
IT evaluates feasibility and effort
• Work together to determine how
to deliver value today and into the future
Set priorities
Determine return on investment
• Ensure everyone understands why
you are doing this work
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8. Dimensional Modeling while Partnering with the Business Community 2/16/2012
Focus On The Data
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Delivering Data
to the Business
• Must be easy to understand
• Good query performance required
• Dimensional models specifically target these
goals
• Delivered through a variety of technologies
Relational database
– Star or snowflake schemas
Multi-dimensional database
– Cube
Other proprietary databases
– Columnar
– DW appliance
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9. Dimensional Modeling while Partnering with the Business Community 2/16/2012
The Modeling Technique
• The Business Dimensional ModelTM
• Reflect data model visually and Year
in business terms
• Ensures support for various types Quarter
of reporting and analysis
Month
• Independent of technology
p gy
• Ideal training tool for use later DAY
• Manageable approach to complex
environments
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Basics of Dimensions
• Dimensions are major business categories
or groupings to describe business data
• Dimensions contain:
Descriptive elements
Reference data
Attributes, hierarchies, drill paths
• Dimensions are used for:
Selection criteria
Report labels
Pick list via interface
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10. Dimensional Modeling while Partnering with the Business Community 2/16/2012
Date Dimension Example
Multiple
Fiscal Year Hierarchies Calendar
Year
Attributes
Fiscal Calendar
Quarter Quarter
Fiscal Calendar
Month Month
Fiscal
Fi l
Future Week
Week
Attribute
Day of
Holiday Day
Week
Grain for this Dimension
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Complete Dimension
Documentation
ATTRIBUTE NAME BRIEF DESCRIPTION SAMPLE VALUES
Day Calendar day information was reported on. 6/31/2003, 9/1/2003
Holiday This is a future attribute to indicate that this date is considered a U.S. business Memorial Day, President’s Day
day off.
Fiscal Week The week of the fiscal year that the date rolls up to and is used for reporting FY 2003 Week 16
purposes.
Fiscal Month The month of the fiscal year that this date rolls up to and is used for reporting FY 2003-10, FY 2003-11
purposes.
Fiscal Quarter The quarter of the fiscal year that this date rolls up to and is used for reporting FY 2003-Q1, FY 2003-Q2
purposes.
Fiscal Year The year that this date rolls up to based upon the company’s fiscal calendar. FY 2003
Calendar Month The calendar month used for reporting purposes. March 2003, October 2003
Calendar Quarter The calendar quarter used for reporting purposes. CY 2003-Q1, CY 2003-Q2
Calendar Year The calendar year used for reporting purposes. CY 2003
Week The calendar week ending Saturday and is used for reporting purposes. Week Ending 11/21/1998
Day of Week Attribute to indicate the calendar day of week. Wednesday, Saturday
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11. Dimensional Modeling while Partnering with the Business Community 2/16/2012
Basics of Facts
• Facts are the basic business events that
are measured and monitored
• Facts are typically:
‘Amounts’ and ‘Counts’
Defined by more than one dimension
Numeric (frequently, but not always)
• Facts are used as:
Body of reports
Part of calculations
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Sales Fact Group Example
Dimension Name Facts:
Product Outlet
Dollars
D ll
Item Store Units
Price
Cost
Grain for the
Fact Group for Sales
this Dimension
Name of
Fact Group
Promo Date
Promo Day
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12. Dimensional Modeling while Partnering with the Business Community 2/16/2012
Complete Fact Group
Documentation
AGGREGATION
FACT NAME FACT DEFINITION
RULE
Dollars The dollar amount for the Sum
Units Sold.
Units The number of consumer Sum
units sold.
Price The actual price charged for Average
this sale.
Cost The standard price factor for Average
this item sold at this store.
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Dimensional Model -
The Star Schema
Product Dimension Outlet Dimension
PRODUCT KEY STORE KEY
Product Descr Store Name
Size District
Fact Table
Flavor Region
PRODUCT KEY
Package Zone
STORE KEY
PROMO KEY
DATE KEY
Dollars
Promotion Dim. Date Dimension
Units
PROMO KEY DATE KEY
Price
Promo Descr Day
Cost
Deal Weekday
Discount Holiday
Media Fiscal Period
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A BDM
Case Study
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BDM Example:
Period Dimension
Calendar
Fiscal Year
Year
Fiscal Calendar
Quarter Quarter
Fiscal Calendar
Month Month
Fiscal
Week
Week
Day of
Holiday Day
Week
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BDM Example:
Call Center Dimension
Division
Region
Call Center
Open Date
State
Time Call Center
Call Center
Zone City
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BDM Example:
Employee Dimension
Manager
Supervisor
Date of Birth
Educ.
Educ
Level
Employee Hire Date
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BDM Example:
Client Dimension
Corporate
Parent
P t
Client
State
Account Client
Client
Executive City
Program
Program
Type
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BDM Example:
Call Status Dimension
Disposition
Group
Disposition
Type
Disposition
Assigned By
A i dB
Call Disposition
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BDM Example:
Activities Dimension
Task Category
Task
Group
Billable Flag
Task
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BDM Example:
Calls Fact Group
Facts:
Period
# of Calls
Day
Call Minutes
Call
Status Client
Call Program
Disposition
Calls
Call
Center
Call Center
Activities Dimension
does not apply and is not shown Employee
Employee
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17. Dimensional Modeling while Partnering with the Business Community 2/16/2012
Hours Worked Fact Group
Call Status Dimension Facts:
Period
does not apply and is not shown Regular Hours
Day
Overtime Hours
Client
Program
Hours
Worked
Call
Activities Center
Task Call
Center
Employee
Employee
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Using the Model
• What are the total number of hours worked to
date f
d t for people who were hired this year?
l h hi d thi ?
• What are the total number of hours worked by
fiscal year and call center region?
• What are the total calling minutes by call
disposition grouped by category?
• What are the average number of calls for client
“Our Biggest Customer” by fiscal week?
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18. Dimensional Modeling while Partnering with the Business Community 2/16/2012
Integration:
Conformed Dimensions
Call
Status Client
Call Program
Disposition
Hours
Calls Worked
Call
Activities
Center
Call Center Task
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Translating
the BDM
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19. Dimensional Modeling while Partnering with the Business Community 2/16/2012
Implementation of BDM
• Exploit the DB and BI tools
• Technical design driven by tools
BI Tool is the user’s only
perspective of the DW
Database technology helps
determine data structure design
• Every tool has its own unique
requirements, recommendations
and/or preferences
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BDM Example:
Calling Facts Star Schema
Period Table
Client Table
PERIOD KEY
PROGRAM KEY
Day
Program Descr
Day of Week
Program Type
Holidays
Call Center Fact Table Client
Fiscal Week
PERIOD KEY Client City
Fiscal Month
PROGRAM KEY Client State
Fiscal Quarter
CALL DISP. KEY Account Executive
Fiscal Year
EMPLOYEE KEY Corporate Parent
Calendar Month
CALL CENTER KEY
Calendar Quarter Call Status Table
# of Calls
Calendar Year CALL DISP. KEY
Call Minutes Call Center Table
Disposition Descr
Employee Table
E l T bl CALL CENTER KEY
Disposition Type
EMPLOYEE KEY Call Center Name
Disposition Group
Employee Name Call Center City
Hire Date Call Center State
Date Of Birth Time Zone
Educ. Level Open Date
Supervisor Region
Manager Division
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20. Dimensional Modeling while Partnering with the Business Community 2/16/2012
BDM Example:
Hours Worked Star Schema
Period Table Client Table
PERIOD KEY PROGRAM KEY
Day Program Descr
Day of Week Program Type
Holidays Client
Fiscal Week Client City
Hours Worked Fact Table
Fiscal Month Client State
PERIOD KEY
Fiscal Quarter Account Executive
PROGRAM KEY
Fiscal Year Corporate Parent
TASK KEY
Calendar Month
EMPLOYEE KEY Activities Table
Calendar Quarter
CALL CENTER KEY TASK KEY
Calendar Year
Regular Hours Call Center Table Task Descr
Employee Table Overtime Hours CALL CENTER KEY Billable Flag
EMPLOYEE KEY Call Center Name Task Group
Employee Name Call Center City Task Category
Hire Date Call Center State
Date Of Birth Time Zone
Educ. Level Open Date
Supervisor Region
Manager Division
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Too Many or Too Few
Dimensions?
• Practical Guidelines for a single fact table
• Minimum 3 – 4 dimensions
Split dimensions that are too broad
Consider enterprise view, would that split
dimensions apart?
Are there more dimensions that could be
included for user benefit, but not change the
number of rows in the fact table?
b f i th f t t bl ?
• Maximum 20 Dimensions
Are these dimensions really separate?
Walk through logical drill paths
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21. Dimensional Modeling while Partnering with the Business Community 2/16/2012
Characteristics of Today’s
Dimensional Models
• Comprehensive and enterprise
perspective drives expanded scope for
models
• Models often have
25+ fact tables
15 – 30 dimensions
• Keep in mind that not all fact tables use all
of the dimensions
In general each fact group has 5-15
dimensions
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Developing and Expanding
Dimensional Models
• Design broadly
Multiple
M lti l user groups for same data
f d t
Next potential data sources
Enterprise viewpoint
– Plan for conformed dimensions
• Implement in several increments
Don t
Don’t tackle too much at one time
Break into phases
– Each should deliver business value
Review and update the model each time
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More BDM Notation
BDM Advanced Notation
Groups of Future Attributes
• Unclear groups of attributes
Business has not defined these yet
To come from a new operational system
not designed yet
Indicates where these pieces are likely to
fit into the model in the future
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BDM Advanced Notation
Derived Attributes
• Derived Attributes
When there is not a business element with
an identifier at this level
Used to tie together several hierarchies
– Perhaps for junk dimensions
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BDM Advanced Notation
Triggers for Type 2 SCD
• Used to identify those attributes that
MUST result in the creation of a new
version for that row in the dimension
• Helps us determine which attributes can
be type 1 and which trigger type 2
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BDM Notation Summary
Dimension Derived
Attribute
Grain Attribute
Future Anchor
Attribute Attribute
Fact Group
Collection of
Slowly Attributes to be
Changing Attr
Ch i Att Defined in the
Future
1- M Relationship
M-M Relationship
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Putting It All
Together
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Keys to Success
• Dimensional modeling provides
the basic foundation for end user
access and analysis
• Focus on the business requirements and
the business user’s perspective
• Designs should reflect clear business
dimensions and facts
• Resulting table structures will likely be
influenced by technology
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Recommended Reading
Includes
details
about
Business
Dimensional
Modeling
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Recommended Reading
The Data Warehouse
Lifecycle Toolkit
y
Ralph Kimball
Margy Ross
Warren Thornthwaite
Joy Mundy
Bob Becker
John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Second Edition
The Data Warehouse Toolkit
Ralph Kimball and Margy Ross
John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Second Edition
The Microsoft Data Warehouse Toolkit Star Schema: The Complete Reference
Joy Mundy and Warren Thornthwaite Chris Adamson
John Wiley and Sons, Inc. McGraw Hill
The Data Warehouse ETL Toolkit
Ralph Kimball and Joe Caserta
John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
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115 East Ogden Ave.
Suite 117-369
Naperville, IL 60563
Phone: 630.971.3782
FAX: 630.369.4740
laura@starsoftinc.com
Data Warehouse & Business Intelligence Services
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