1. Difference Divide and Cleavage (in the United States) Kevin Deegan Krause, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan Difference, Divide and Cleavage? Kevin Deegan-Krause, Wayne State University

2. Ascriptive Difference Attitudinal Difference Behavioral Difference Position Divide Issue Divide Census Divide Full Cleavage

3. Byron E. Shafer William J.M. Claggett The Two Majorities: The Issue Context of Modern American Politics. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995

4. Ascriptive Difference Attitudinal Difference Behavioral Difference

5. Who are you? Demographics Ascriptive Difference Race/Ethnicity Age Education Class Location Religion Gender

6. Catholic or High Protestant Low Protestant Not Christian Religion College Graduates Some College High School Graduates High School Dropouts Race African-American 13% Not African-American Not African-American 87%

7. Who are you? Demographics Ascriptive Difference Race Age Education Class Location Religion Gender

8. Catholic or High Protestant Low Protestant Not Christian Religion High School Graduates Race African-American 13% Catholic or High Protestant 56% Religion Low Protestant 21% Not Christian 10%

9. Who are you? Demographics Ascriptive Difference Race Age Education Class Location Religion Gender

10. Catholic or High Protestant Low Protestant Not Christian Religion Race African-American 13% Low Protestant 21% Not Christian 10% Religion College Graduate 10% Some College 14% Secondary Grad. 19% Secondary Dropout 12% Education

11. Ascriptive Difference Attitudinal Difference Behavioral Difference

12. What do you think? Attitudes Attitudinal Difference Against abortion Against defense cuts Against homosexuality For assisting African-Americans Ban dangerous books Care for others For easy police searches Equal rights not achieved For Affirmative Action For aid to farmers For national health care For Prayer in School For retirement programs Help the needy Limits on Speech Missile defense Peace through strength Provide food/shelter

13. Cultural Values Against Abortion Against Homosexuality For Prayer in School Social Welfare Help the needy Provide food/shelter Care for others Civil Liberties Ban dangerous books Limits on Speech Easy police searches Social Insurance For retirement programs For national health care For aid to farmers Foreign Relations Peace through strength Against defense cuts Missile defense Civil Rights For Affirmative Action Assisting African-Americans Equal rights not achieved

14. Cultural Values Against Abortion Against Homosexuality For Prayer in School Social Welfare Help the needy Provide food/shelter Care for others Civil Liberties Ban dangerous books Limits on Speech Easy police searches Social Insurance For retirement programs For national health care For aid to farmers Foreign Relations Peace through strength Against defense cuts Missile defense Civil Rights For Affirmative Action Assisting African-Americans Equal rights not achieved

15. Cultural Values Against Abortion Against Homosexuality For Prayer in School Social Welfare Help the needy Provide food/shelter Care for others Civil Liberties Ban dangerous books Limits on Speech Easy police searches Social Insurance For retirement programs For national health care For aid to farmers Foreign Relations Peace through strength Against defense cuts Missile defense Civil Rights For Affirmative Action Assisting African-Americans Equal rights not achieved

16. Cultural Socio-Economic

17. Cultural Socio-Economic

18. Cultural Socio-Economic

19. Cultural Socio-Economic

20. Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power

21. Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power

22. Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power 24.9% 26.9% 23.5% 24.7%

23. Ascriptive Difference Attitudinal Difference Behavioral Difference Position Divide

24. Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power

25. Catholic or High Protestant Low Protestant Not Christian Religion Race African-American 13% Low Protestant 21% Not Christian 10% Religion College Graduate 10% Some College 14% Secondary Grad. 19% Secondary Dropout 12% Education

26. African Americans Honors 2000: Citizenship / PS1010: Introduction to American Government Cultural Power SMALL BIG BIG SMALL Economic Power

27. African Americans Cultural Power SMALL BIG BIG SMALL Economic Power

28. Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power 4.6% 57.4% 33.3% 4.7% African Americans

29. Catholic or High Protestant Low Protestant Not Christian Religion Race African-American 13% Low Protestant 21% Not Christian 10% Religion College Graduate 10% Some College 14% Secondary Grad. 19% Secondary Dropout 12% Education

30. Non-Christians Cultural Power SMALL BIG BIG SMALL Economic Power

31. Non-Christians Cultural Power SMALL BIG BIG SMALL Economic Power

32. Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power 9.5% 41.7% 10.9% 38.0% Non-Christians

33. Catholic or High Protestant Low Protestant Not Christian Religion Race African-American 13% Low Protestant 21% Not Christian 10% Religion College Graduate 10% Some College 14% Secondary Grad. 19% Secondary Dropout 12% Education

34. Low Protestants Honors 2000: Citizenship / PS1010: Introduction to American Government Cultural Power SMALL BIG BIG SMALL Economic Power

35. Low Protestants Cultural Power SMALL BIG BIG SMALL Economic Power

36. Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power 48.6% 16.3% 28.1% 8.7% Low Protestants

37. Catholic or High Protestant Low Protestant Not Christian Religion Race African-American 13% Low Protestant 21% Not Christian 10% Religion College Graduate 10% Some College 14% Secondary Grad. 19% Secondary Dropout 12% Education

38. Cultural Power SMALL BIG BIG SMALL Economic Power High School Dropouts

39. Cultural Power SMALL BIG BIG SMALL Economic Power High School Dropouts

40. Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power High School Dropouts 40.9% 19.3% 29.3% 10.5%

41. Catholic or High Protestant Low Protestant Not Christian Religion Race African-American 13% Low Protestant 21% Not Christian 10% Religion College Graduate 10% Some College 14% Secondary Grad. 19% Secondary Dropout 12% Education

42. Cultural Power SMALL BIG BIG SMALL Economic Power High School Graduates

43. Cultural Power SMALL BIG BIG SMALL Economic Power High School Graduates

44. Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power High School Graduates 25.6% 22.3% 27.9% 24.2%

45. Catholic or High Protestant Low Protestant Not Christian Religion Race African-American 13% Low Protestant 21% Not Christian 10% Religion College Graduate 10% Some College 14% Secondary Grad. 19% Secondary Dropout 12% Education

46. 13% 10% College Grads 10% 21% Some College 14% H.S. Grads 19% H.S. Dropouts 12% High Roman Protestant / Catholic Black White Religion Race Education The Two Majorities Byron Shafer J.M. Claggett Low Protestant Non- Christian

47. Some College Cultural Power SMALL BIG BIG SMALL Economic Power

48. Some College Cultural Power SMALL BIG BIG SMALL Economic Power

49. Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power Some College 25.9% 12.2% 38.0% 23.9%

50. Catholic or High Protestant Low Protestant Not Christian Religion Race African-American 13% Low Protestant 21% Not Christian 10% Religion College Graduate 10% Some College 14% Secondary Grad. 19% Secondary Dropout 12% Education

51. College Graduates Cultural Power SMALL BIG BIG SMALL Economic Power

52. College Graduates Cultural Power SMALL BIG BIG SMALL Economic Power

53. Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power College Graduates 46.0% 13.4% 31.4% 9.2%

54. Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power

55. Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power High School Dropouts 40.9% 19.3% 29.3% 10.5%

56. Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power High School Graduates 25.6% 22.3% 27.9% 24.2%

57. Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power Some College 25.9% 12.2% 38.0% 23.9%

58. Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power College Graduates 46.0% 13.4% 31.4% 9.2%

59. Kitschelt and Rehm

60. Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power Post-College

61. Ascriptive Difference Attitudinal Difference Behavioral Difference What do you do? Behavior/ Politics

63. PS1010: Introduction to American Government http://www.la.wayne.edu/polisci/kdk/american Democratic-Republican Democratic Whig Federalist Republican

64. PS1010: Introduction to American Government http://www.la.wayne.edu/polisci/kdk/american Democratic-Republican Democratic Whig Federalist Republican

65. Ascriptive Difference Attitudinal Difference Behavioral Difference Census Divide

66. Catholic or High Protestant Low Protestant Not Christian Religion Race African-American 13% Low Protestant 21% Not Christian 10% Religion College Graduate 10% Some College 14% Secondary Grad. 19% Secondary Dropout 12% Education

67. The 2008 U.S. Presidential Elections

69. Honors 2000: Citizenship / PS1010: Introduction to American Government African-Americans Hispanics Whites

71. Honors 2000: Citizenship / PS1010: Introduction to American Government Seldom or Never Most Weeks Weekly or More

72. Honors 2000: Citizenship / PS1010: Introduction to American Government Post-College

73. Honors 2000: Citizenship / PS1010: Introduction to American Government Women Men

74. Honors 2000: Citizenship / PS1010: Introduction to American Government Young Old

79. Honors 2000: Citizenship / PS1010: Introduction to American Government Who are you? Demographics What do you think? Attitudes What do you do? Behavior/ Politics Issue Divide

80. Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power

81. Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power 31.2% 36.5% 18.9% 13.4% Republicans

82. Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power 32.5% 32.6% 19.1% 15.8% Democrats

83. Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power Democrats Republicans

84. Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power Cross Pressured!

85. Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power 

86. Cultural Socio- Economic Values Social Welfare & Insurance Security Civil Rights

87. Cultural Socio- Economic Values Social Welfare & Insurance Security Civil Rights 2004

88. Cultural Socio- Economic Values Social Welfare & Insurance Security Civil Rights 2004 2008

89. Ascriptive Difference Attitudinal Difference Behavioral Difference Full Cleavage

90. Igor Panarin

92. Catholic or High Protestant Low Protestant Not Christian Religion Race African-American 13% Low Protestant 21% Not Christian 10% Religion College Graduate 10% Some College 14% Secondary Grad. 19% Secondary Dropout 12% Education

93. Catholic or High Protestant Low Protestant Not Christian Religion Race African-American 13% Low Protestant 21% Religion

94. Catholic or High Protestant Low Protestant Not Christian Religion Race African-American 13% Low Protestant 21% Religion Overeducated >1% Education

95. Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power

96. Cultural Power SMALL BIG SMALL BIG Economic Power

98. Economic Cluster “Conservative” Small Government “Liberal” Big Government US?

99. Economic Cluster Whatever the employer wants Employees and government decide US? Free Enterprise?

101. Economic Cluster Own damn fault Society is to blame US? Why are people poor?

103. Economic Cluster Government does too much Government does too little US? Aid to the poor?

105. Economic Cluster “Conservative” Small Government “Liberal” Big Government US

106. Cultural Cluster Ban it Legalize it

107. Cultural Cluster Ban it Legalize it US? Abortion?

109. Cultural Cluster Prevent it Recognize it US? Gay Marriage?

111. Cultural Cluster Prevent it Recognize it Gay Marriage? US

113. PS1010: Introduction to American Government http://www.la.wayne.edu/polisci/kdk/american

114. PS1010: Introduction to American Government http://www.la.wayne.edu/polisci/kdk/american

115. PS1010: Introduction to American Government http://www.la.wayne.edu/polisci/kdk/american

116. PS1010: Introduction to American Government http://www.la.wayne.edu/polisci/kdk/american

117. PS1010: Introduction to American Government http://www.la.wayne.edu/polisci/kdk/american

118. PS1010: Introduction to American Government http://www.la.wayne.edu/polisci/kdk/american

119. PS1010: Introduction to American Government http://www.la.wayne.edu/polisci/kdk/american