Building services water supply

14/06/2013Lecture - S. Y. B. Arch (ID)

 Building services is engineering of internal
environment and environmental impact of
a building.
 Building services are mechanical, electrical and
public health systems required for the safe,
comfortable and environmentally friendly
operation of modern buildings
 Play a significant role on the sustainability and
energy demand of a building

1. Water, drainage and plumbing
2. Natural lighting and artificial lighting, and building facades
3. Lightning protection
4. Ventilation and refrigeration
5. Security and alarm systems
6. Fire detection and protection
7. Escalators and lifts
8. Energy supply - gas, electricity and renewable sources
9. Communication lines, telephones and IT networks (ICT)
10. Solid Waste Management
11. Wind Energy
12. Solar energy

Mechanical:
Heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC)
Electrical:
power distribution, telecommunication, fire
alarm, signalization, lightning
protection and control systems, as well as lighting
systems
Plumbing:
Fire protection, Water supply and sanitation, Rain
water

1. Water supply
2. Drainage
3. Plumbing
4. Surface Water Drainage/Strom water Drainage
5. Rain Water Harvesting
6. Pumps
7. Septic Tanks
8. Solid Waste Management

1. Providing Water to the Individuals, Group of
people, Institutions, Commercial organisation
or for irrigation by a system of pumps or pipes.
2. In 2010 about 84% of the global population
(6.74 billion people) had access to piped water
supply.

 97 Early Rome had indoor plumbing, meaning a
system of aqueducts and pipes that terminated in
homes and at public wells and fountains for
people to use
 1619 New River Company first to supply each home
directly with its own water for a few hours per
day
 1854 John Snow establishes source of cholera
epidemic in London as a contaminated supply
well – first understanding of water and health
 1873 Continuous supplies in general use in London
 1900 Most cities have a water supply with service
pipes to homes

Mainly divided into
Ground Water –
1. Deep or artesian wells.
2. Springs.
Surface Water –
1. Rainwater.
2. Rivers and lakes.
3. Surface wells.
4. Sea Water.
Other Resources –
1. Snow
2. Artificial Rain

 Deep artesian wells furnish pure water as a
rule, unless the piping is not tightly jointed,
when impure water from a subsoil stream
near the surface may enter the pipes.
 Springs are a source of pure
water supply if they are not
contaminated by passing
through soil which is polluted.

 Rain water takes up the dust and gases from the air,
and organic matter from the roofs over which it is collected
- causing the water to be unsafe for drinking purposes.
 Rivers and lakes are a common source of water supply, but
they may be made very unfit for drinking if the surface
water and sewage from towns and cities is allowed to drain
into them.
 Surface wells are a very unsafe source of drinking
water supply, and the water
should never be used when
there are cesspools, drains,
barnyards, or any other
Sources of contamination within
a radius of 200 feet of them.

Desalination:
 Sea water is saline. Even if the salinity is
variable for various oceans the water is unfit for
drinking.
Desalination is an artificial process by
which saline water is converted to fresh water.

 Freezing has little effect upon bacteria except
to lessen temporarily their vitality. When
the ice melts, the bacteria may again become
active. The water can be converted into
drinking water by boiling.

 Amount of water required by the customer.
 There are two types of water as a resource
 Potable (which is fit for human Consumption) &
 Non Potable (Which used for industrial and agricultural
consumption)
 Global water demand is
Agriculture – 70%
Industrial – 20%
Domestic – 10%
 Requirement of water depends on two major factors
Rate of Demand
Population

 Rate of Demand is based on the
purpose of consumption such as
domestic purpose, Industrial, Civic,
Commercial etc.
 National standard for domestic
use of water is 135 lit. per head per day.
 Industrial use of water is 45 litre per head per
day.
 In rural water supply system, it is necessary to
consider consumption of livestock.

 The growth of population
calculated or projected for
future demand by different
statistical methods as arithmetical increase
method, geometric increase method &
graphical increase method etc.
 Loss of water due to the distribution network
also needs to be considered.

 Water is the universal solvent. In nature, it is never totally
pure. No matter how isolated it is from sources of
contamination, it will always have some chemicals, Gases
or minerals in the air, soil or rock are dissolved by the
water.
 Some dissolved materials give water it’s characteristic taste
– “pure water” is generally considered to be flat and
tasteless.
 Purification or Treatment of water : mandatory requirement
of civic authority to supply potable water, safe water, free
from all the impurities.
 Mainly three type of impurities
 Physical Impurities: turbidity, colour, taste, odour
 Chemical Impurity: hardness
 Bacteriological impurities: pathogenic bacteria.

Turbidity:
 refers to the cloudiness of the water.
It can be a problem in surface-water sources.
 The materials causing the cloudiness can be
inorganic--such as clays, silts or sand--or organic,
such as algae and leaf particles.
Colour:
 Colour, a physical characteristic
of water that is not noticed unless
it is very high

Taste:
 Refers to Salty or brackish
taste due to high sodium
content, Alkali taste due to high
mineral content, Metallic taste due to high
metal content.
Odour:
 Refers to odour due to more pollutant content
in water

Hardness:
 Hardness in water is caused
by significant amounts of
calcium or magnesium components.

Pathogenic bacteria
 Disease-causing bacteria are
called pathogen , their presence
is determined by testing for the
presence of an indicator organismic bacteria.

Clarification
 Pre-treatment – Screening, Storage, Pre-
conditioning, Pre-chlorination.
 pH adjustment
Filter
 Flocculation/Cogulation
 Sedimentation
Disinfection

 Pumping and containment - The majority of water
must be pumped from its source to tanks.
 Screening - remove large debris such as sticks,
leaves, trash and other large particles.
 Storage – water will be store for weeks or months
to natural biological purification called aeration.
 Pre-conditioning - Water rich in hardness salts is
treated with soda-ash.
 Pre-chlorination - incoming water was
chlorinated to minimize the growth of fouling
organisms on the pipe-work and tanks

 Distilled water has a pH of 7 (neither alkaline nor
acidic)
 If the water is acidic (lower than 7), lime, soda
ash, or sodium hydroxide is added to raise the pH
 Making the water slightly alkaline ensures
that coagulation and flocculation processes work
effectively and also helps to minimize the risk
of lead being dissolved from lead pipes and
lead solder in pipe fittings

 Flocculation is a process which clarifies the
water. Clarifying means removing any turbidity or
colour so that the water is clear and colourless.
 It is a large tank with slow flow, allowing
flocculation to settle to the bottom. Sedimentation
basins may be rectangular, where water flows
from end to end, or circular where flow is from the
centre outward.

 Finally bacteriological impurities to be removed
before distribution either by adding chlorine or
ozone or ultra violet radiation. Reverse Osmosis
(RO) system used for purification water could be
boiled or purified by water purifier.
 Reverse osmosis: Mechanical pressure is applied
to an impure solution to force pure water through
a semi-permeable membrane
 Different types of filter media used to arrest
physical and bacteriological impurities

Building services water supply

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