9.5 Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Gamification
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My talk at the 11/11/11 Interflex Conference "Games, Life, and Utopia" in Potsdam, Germany.
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9.5 Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Gamification
- 1. 9.5 Theses on the power and efficacy of gamification Sebastian Deterding (@dingstweets) Interflex »Games, Life, and Utopia« Conference November 11, 2011, Potsdam c b
- 4. 1Gamification is the cool new kid in town.
- 5. Productivity
- 7. Activism
- 8. Life
- 10. On Google Trends
- 11. On the Gartner Hype Curve http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1763814
- 12. Everywhere
- 13. The blueprint (still) Points Tracking, Feedback Badges Goals, surprise Leaderboards Competition Incentives Rewards
- 14. The Enablers success stories sensors & analytics practices & discourses
- 16. »Mowing the lawn or waiting in a dentist’s office can become enjoyable provided on restructures the activity by providing goals, rules, and the other elements of enjoyment to be reviewed below.« flow: the psychology of optimal experience Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
- 18. Precursors (1980+) man as computer Cognitive sciences man as machine Ergonomics man as meaning-maker Human sciences Repurposings (2001+) UX (2002+) Hedonic attributes Game UX Ludic design (2002+) Playfulness (2005+) CSCW (2005+) Persuasive Tech (2006+) Harrison, S., Tatar, D., and Sengers, P. The Three Paradigms of HCI. Proc. AltCHI 2007, ACM Press (2007). HCI Prehistory
- 20. Repurposings (2001-) Dennis Chao, Doom as an Interface for Process Management (2001) Louis von Ahn, Games with a Purpose (2006)
- 22. Game UX (2002-)
- 25. CSCW (2005-)
- 27. Precursors (1980+) Repurposings (2001+) UX (2002+) Hedonic attributes Game UX Playfulness (2005+) Persuasive Tech (2006+) Ludic design (2002+) CSCW (2005+) Game Studies Prehistory
- 28. Precursors (1980+) Repurposings (2001+) UX (2002+) Hedonic attributes Game UX Playfulness (2005+) Persuasive Tech (2006+) Serious Games (1960+) Digital Serious Games (2001+) Alternate Reality/ Pervasive Games (2001+) Serious Gaming (2006+) Ludification of culture (2006+) Ludic design (2002+) CSCW (2005+) Game Studies Prehistory
- 30. Digital Serious Games (2001-)
- 32. Alternate Reality Games (2001-)
- 34. Ludification of Culture (2006-)
- 35. 3 Gamification is the use of game design elements in non-game contexts.
- 36. Gamification: The use of game design elements in non-game contexts
- 37. Gamification: The use of game design elements in non-game contexts
- 40. Roger Caillois man, play, and games (1958) LudusPaidia play improvisation tumultuous immoderate game skill, effort ordered rule-bound
- 41. Elements, not whole systems
- 42. Systems Elements Elements, not whole systems
- 43. Game Design Elements Game-based technology Controllers, AI, 3D engines, ... Game-based practices Serious Gaming Game-based design Gamification
- 46. 4Gamification is not very playful.
- 47. Roger Caillois man, play, and games (1958) LudusPaidia play improvisation tumultuous immoderate game skill, effort ordered rule-bound
- 48. …vs.Quality andVarietyTrust and Safety
- 51. …vs.Quality andVarietyBenign Breaks of Social Rules
- 53. 5Gamification is thinking inside the box.
- 56. The Box
- 57. The BoxGame A designed artifact
- 58. The BoxGame A designed artifact
- 59. The BoxGame A designed artifact Playing A frame of engagement
- 61. debugging playtesting/reviewing presenting gameplay making a machinima a scientific study learning (serious games) sports (e-sports) work (goldfarming)
- 62. “I need to be very routinized; I mustn’t let myself drift.” “I hammer it through.” “Often, you have to force yourself to do it.” “You’re under real pressure.” “It’s extremely exhausting.” “It wears you out.” “My friends usually cannot comprehend how stressful this is.”
- 63. “Sometimes, you have to play, you have to get further – and then, play is work.”
- 64. Question When work can make the best game tedious, why should games make work engaging?
- 65. Sociotechnical systems Information ecologies Situated action Embodied interaction Social contextures ...
- 67. “Sometimes, you have to play, you have to get further – and then, play is work.”
- 68. Johan Huizinga »First and foremost, all play is a voluntary activity.« homo ludens (1938)
- 69. Johan Huizinga »First and foremost, all play is a voluntary activity.« homo ludens (1938) a.k.a. “autonomy”
- 70. 6 Gamification is an inadvertent con.
- 71. Margaret Robertson »Gamification is an inadvertent con. It tricks people into believing that there’s a simple way to imbue their thing ... with the psychological, emotional and social power of a great game.« can’t play, won’t play (2009)
- 72. Confusion #1
- 74. Earn 1,000,000,000,000 points Score: 964,000,000,000,000 (You rock!)
- 77. Raph Koster »Fun is just another word for learning.« a theory of fun for game design (2005)
- 78. Raph Koster »Fun from games arises out of mastery. It arises out of comprehension. It is the act of solving puzzles that makes games fun. With games, learning is the drug.« a theory of fun for game design (2005)
- 85. Edward Deci, Richard Ryan »An understanding of human motivation requires a consideration of innate psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness.« the what and why of goal pursuit (2000)
- 86. The fun in playing games chiefly arises from intrinsic enjoyment, not extrinsic incentives. Con(fusion) number 1
- 87. Confusion #2
- 88. Confusion #2
- 90. Theodore Sturgeon »Ninety percent of everything is crud.« sturgeon‘s revelation (1958)
- 97. Games are not fun because they‘re games, but when they are well-designed. Con(fusion) number 2
- 98. 7 Gamification is promising to designers.
- 99. As a source of patterns
- 100. As a source of lenses/heuristics
- 103. As a source of models Hard Fun Fiero People Fun Amusement Easy Fun Curiosity Serious Fun Relaxation emotion < choice < mechanic > choice > emotion
- 104. As a source of methods
- 105. As a field
- 107. Motivational Design Marrying the psychology of motivation with the practice of design. Topic #1
- 109. Rule Design Studies The holistic study and design of rule systems. Topic #2
- 111. Law Economics Sociology CS Game Studies Governance Public Policy Interpretation Social order Institutionalization Scripts (STS) Algorithms Modeling, abstraction, automation, simulation Game Theory Incentives Business processes Design Dynamics & Aesthetics Semiotics
- 112. Play Studies Understanding playing and gaming in their relation to games and toys. Topic #3
- 113. Player Studies
- 114. Player Studies
- 115. Are you “playing” or “using” it?
- 116. (IMHO)
- 117. 9“Gamification” is a terrible word to use.
- 118. Ian Bogost »Unlike liars, bullshitters have no use for the truth. All that matters to them is hiding their ignorance or bringing about their own benefit. Gamification is bullshit.« gamification is bullshit (2011) http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/4294/persuasive_games_shell_games.php Issue #1
- 119. Ian Bogost »This is why gamification is such an effective term. It keeps the term game and puts it right up in front, drawing attention to the form’s mysterious power. But the kicker comes at the end: the -ify suffix makes applying that medium to any given purpose seem facile and automatic.« exploitationware (2010)
- 120. What is a “game element”?* * Most game definitions have multiple necessary conditions Issue #2
- 123. gamification Rules Goals Avatars Story not game-specific Redeemable rewards Commitment Analytics Notifications Comments not game-related Quantitative feedback
- 125. Gamefulness!
- 126. System/Artefact Elements Gaming Playing gamification(serious) games playful design(serious) toys
- 127. System/Artefact Elements Gaming Playing gamification(serious) games playful design(serious) toys Quality/mode
- 128. System/Artefact Elements Gaming Playing gamification(serious) games playful design(serious) toys Gameful Design Quality/mode
- 129. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Gamification is the cool new kid in town. Gamification is nothing new. Gamification is the use of game design elements in non-game contexts. Gamification is not very playful. Gamification is thinking inside the box. Gamification is an inadvertent con. Gamification is promising to designers. Gamification is worth researching. »Gamification« is a terrible word to use.
- 130. 9.5Ceterum Censeo You should all read The Well-Played Game
- 132. »It is through a community of people who care more about fun than winning that the Well-Played Game happens.« Bernie de Koven the well-played game (1978/2002)
- 133. »Inscribed in gold in our flag is the motto If you can’t play it, change it, and woven into our banner are the words If it helps, cheat.« Bernie de Koven the well-played game (1978/2002)