Repurposing LNG terminals for Hydrogen Ammonia: Feasibility and Cost Saving
Protozoa ii
1. SARCODINIDS
(Amoeboid Protozoa)
These species are formerly group with the
flagellates and some others in Phylum
Sarcomastigophora.
They generally contain a single type of
nucleus.
Contractile vacuoles are present,
particularly among freshwater species.
2. Their body shapes range from completely
amorphous and ever changing to highly
structured, with elaborate, rigid skeletal
supports.
Most of them feed on small particulate
material exclusively, although some house
photosynthesizing endosymbiotic algae.
They are free-living organisms.
Some of them are parasites within the
bodies of other parasites
(hyperparasites).
3. They reproduce asexually, chiefly by
binary fission or multiple fission.
Some produce flagellated gametes
which are usually involved in sexual
reproduction Encystment is common,
especially in freshwater and parasitic
species, providing a means of
withstanding unfavorable
environmental circumstances.
5. PHYLUM AMOEBOZOA
Individuals possess shapeless
(“Amoeboid”) bodies, with wide, blunt
(lobose) or thin pointy pseudopodia.
Members of this phylum are called
Amoebae.
They are common in fresh water, moist
soil and in the sea.
They are all particle feeders and use their
pseudopodia to capture food such as
bacteria, other protozoan and unicellular
algae.
6. Most species are naked, with the body
surrounded only by a plasma membrane.
This bodies are partially surrounded with a
test or shell which can be a secretion
product of the cell or may consist of a
structured agglutination of fine sand
particles or detritus.
Amoebozoans use their pseudopodia to
move and to feed. They flow into the
advancing pseudopodium, a process called
Cytoplasmic Streaming.
7. Their body is formless, lacking permanent
anterior, posterior surfaces.
Their ingestion involves phagocytosis, a
process wherein lobopodia or filopodia
advance on the intended prey, forming a
food cup. The tips of the pseudopodia soon
come together and fuse, thereby,
internalizing the prey item. In pinocytosis,
much smaller pseudopods are formed,
capturing extremely small particulates or
fluids rich in dissolved organic matter.
10. Lobopodia are typical of the familiar amoeba.These are
broad with rounded lips and bear a hyaline cap near each
tip.
In contrast, filopodia,
lack a hyaline cap. They are very slender and often
branched.
11. PHYLUM FORAMINIFERA
1 Individuals secrete multichambered
test, generally of calcium carbonate; 2
Pseudopodia (reticulopodia) emerge
through pores in the test and branch
extensively to form dense networks.
These species are primarily marine
and live on the bottom sediments as
benthic organisms.
12. They feed on remarkable variety of
food including other protist, small
metazoans, fungi, bacteria and
organic detritus. Some house
photosynthesizing symbionts and
others can take up dissolved organic
material from seawater.
13. EXAMPLES OF THE DIFFRERENT TYPES OF
FORAMINIFERAN SHELLS
(Calcareous foraminifera) (Agglutinating
foraminifera)
14. PHYLUM RADIOZOA
Body is divided into distinct intracapsular
and extracapsular zones separated by a
perforated membrane or capsule.
Members of this phylum are called
Radiolarians and Acantharians.
They support their pseudopodia with thin,
radiating microtubules that give a spiny,
rayed appearance to many species.
The pseudopodia and their micro tubular
support are called Axopodia.
15. They possess a rigid endoskeleton, either of silica
or strongtium sulfate.
They are planktonic organisms.
Many of them possess symbiotic algae and so meet
at least some of their nutritional requirements
through photosynthesis. They also feed as
carnivores, capturing microscopic prey with the
cytoplasm that flows along their axopods.
Food vacuole formation and digestion occur in
their extracapsular region; nucleus is contained in
their intracapsular region.
17. PHYLUM HELIOZOA
Body is divided into distinct inner and outer
regions, but the regions are not separated by any
physical boundary.
Heliozoans bodies are demarcated into a frothy
outer region of ectoplasm in which digestion
occurs and a less highly vacuolated inner region of
endoplasm containing the nucleus.
In some species, axopods function in locomotion
and their microtubules located in the cores are
apparently involved in mediating the changes in
axopod length.
18. Heliozoans are primarily floating organisms with
axopodia which serve primarily to capture food
items.
19. FLAGELLATED PROTOZOANS
These species are characterized by the
possession of a pellicle and one or more
flagella.
Most of them are free-living and motile.
They exhibit nine pairs of microtubule
ringing a pair of central microtubules over
most of their length just like cilia.
20. Flagella are produced from basal bodies and their
movement is believed to involve the sliding of
microtubules in relation to each other. They often
bear numerous mastigonemes along the length of
the organelle. These mastigonemes increase the
effective surface area of the flagellum, thus
increasing the power that it can generate when it
is moved through the water. Several wave
movements may be initiated at the tip of the
flagellum simultaneously, pulling the organism
forward.
Their locomotion can be fairly rapid, up to 200 um
per second.
21. PHYTOFLAGELLATED PROTOZOANS
These species contain chlorophyll,
obtain their energy directly from
sunlight, and rely exclusively on
carbon dioxides a carbon source.
They bear a stigma.
23. Dinoflagellates are best
known for commonly
exhibiting
bioluminescence and for
occasionally producing
highly toxic “red tide” .
These are dense
aggregations of certain
dinoflagellates species
whose neurotoxins kill
fish and accumulate on
certain warm-water fish
causing “Ciguatera
Poisoning” that can kill
people that eat fish.
26. They bear a single flagellum, which
extends for part of its length
through a microvilli, in which food
particles are ingested.
Most of them are colonial and
immobile.
27. CHOANOFLAGELLATES
Are the most
interesting groups of
free-living species
found primarily in
fresh water. They
represent an order of
single-celled,
transparent microbes
that propel themselves
with whip like
appendages.
28. ZOOFLAGELLATED PROTOZOANS
(Parasitic Forms)
About 25% of these species are parasitic
or commensal with plants, invertebrates
and vertebrates.
They often exhibit levels of structural and
functional complexity.
29. Life cycles include adaptations for
perpetuating the species from host to
host.
They are covered with a single protein.
They possess a kinetoplast located within
a single large mitochondrion.
30. TRYPANOSOMES
(Phylum Saccostomae)
The human defense
system recognizes
this trypanosomes
as foreign being
and they are
quickly
phagocytozed by
macrophages of
the human
Reticuloendothelial
System.
31. LEISHMANIA DONOVANI
This causes extreme
disfigurement and
death wherein 12
million people are
affected in many areas
of the world.
32. TRICHOMONADS VAGINALIS
This is a small
protozoan parasitizing
the human vagina,
prostate and urethra.
It cause little or no
discomfort in men, but
it often produces
considerable
inflammation and
irritation in women.
The disease is readily
transmittable, sexually
and through contact
with toilet seats and
towel.
33. GIARDA LAMBIA
These species causes
intense nausea, cramps
and diarrhea in its
human host. The
infection is readily
transmitted through
drinking water
contaminated with
infected feces.
34. HYPERMASTIGOTES
These species are living commensally in the guts of termites,
cockroaches and wood roaches.
They are generally large.
They are dependent between their host and flagellate.
They are capable of digesting cellulose.
36. NAEGLERIA GRUBERI
This is a primitive
protist that lacks
mitochondria and
typical golgi bodies
and whose ribosome
exhibit a number of
prokaryotic features.
They are commonly
referred as
Amoebomastigotes or
Amoeboflagellates.
37. MYCETOZOA
Commonly known as the
Cellular and Acellular
Slime Molds.
Apparently, for some
reasons, they are often
been classified as plants
or as fungi.
They exist as individual
Amoeboid cells moving
and feeding on particulate
matter by means of
lobopodia.
Notas do Editor
This is a picture intestinal ulcers due to amebiasis.
Lack a hyaline cap.they are very slender and often branched.
Agglutinating foraminifera
The pseudopodia and their micro tubular support are called Axopodia .
