5. PREVALENCE
3rd most frequent dental emergency
Representing 7-14%
Affecting 6-7%
Effects prognosis of tooth
Gray et al 1994- 27.5% and 59.5%
Mc Leod et al 1997- 37%
5
6. CLASSIFICATION
Based on duration
Based on number
Based on location
Based on etiology
Periodontitis related
Non- periodontitis related
6
7. PERIODONTITIS RELATED ABSCESS
Active periodontal destruction
Exacerbation of a chronic lesion
Post therapy periodontal abscess
Post scaling
Post surgery
Post antibiotic(Topoll in 1990)
(Helevou et al in 1993-broad spectrum
antibiotics)
7
8.
Four types of abscess associated with periodontal
tissues
Gingival abscess
Peri-coronal abscess
Combined periodontal/ endodontic
Lateral Periodontal abscess
8
{Periodontal abscess: A review Punit Vaibhav Patel, Sheela Kumar G, Amrita Patel}
9. NON PERIODONTITIS RELATED ABSCESS
Impaction of foreign body
Orthodontic devices
Root morphology alterations
Invaginated root(Chen et al in 1990)
Fissured root(Goose 1981)
Root tears(Haney et al 1992)
Endodontic perforations(Abrams et al 1992)
9
10. ETIOLOGY OF PERIODONTAL ABSCESS
Etiology
Environmental
factors
Microbiological
factors
Other local
factors
10
12. MICROBIOLOGY
Anaerobes (Newman& Sims)
P. gingivalis- 50-100%(Topoll et al in 1990)
F nucleatum
B forsythus
P gingivalis
P intermedia
Periodontal pathogens usually isolated
from periodontal abscess
12
13. Herrera et al in 2000- 45% anaerobes resembles
periodontitis microbiota
Polymicrobial, non motile, gram negative, rod
shaped anaerobes
Ashimoto et al- P gingivalis
Other microbes include
P intermedia
P melaninogenica
F nucleatum
B forsythus
Spirochetes
13
15. OTHER LOCAL FACTORS
Foreign material such as
1. Pop-corn husk
2. Impacted food
3. Fish bone
4. Tooth brush bristles
5. Irrigating devices
ANACHORETIC EFFECT
15
17. PATHOGENESIS
Entry of bacteria into
soft tissue wall
Trauma to the orifice of the
periodontal pocket
Formation of infiltrate
Destruction of connective tissues
Pus formation
Decreased tissue
resistance
Virulence and
number of bacteria
17
19. CLINICAL FEATURES AND DIAGNOSIS
Acute Abscess
Localized red, ovoid swelling
Periodontal pocket
Mobility
Tooth elevation in socket
Tenderness to percussion or biting
Exudation
Elevated temperature
Regional lymphadenopathy (Smith and Davies „86)
19
20. Chronic Abscess
No pain or dull pain
Localized inflammatory lesion
Slight tooth elevation
Intermittent exudation
Fistulous tract often associated with a deep pocket
Usually without systemic involvement
20
21.
Herrera et al in 2000- blood and urine samples-
reported 30%- elevated leukocytes
and 20-40% neutrophils and monocytes
21
23. MANAGEMENT OF PERIODONTAL
ABSCESS
The treatment of the periodontal abscess usually
includes two stages:
(1) The management of the acute lesion, and
(2) The appropriate treatment of the original and/or
residual lesion, once the emergency situation has been
controlled
23
24. THE MANAGEMENT OF THE ACUTE LESION
Draining the abscess
with digital pressure
Incision and drainage
(Ahl et al 1986)
Scaling and root planing
24
25. THE APPROPRIATE TREATMENT OF THE
ORIGINAL AND/OR RESIDUAL LESION
Periodontal surgery
The use of different systemically administered
antibiotics, and
Tooth extraction.
25
26. ANTIBIOTICS
Antibiotic Options for Periodontal Infections1
Antibiotic of Choice
Amoxicillin, 500 mg
1.0-g loading dose, then 500 mg tid, 3 days
Penicillin Allergy
Clindamycin 600-mg loading dose, then 300 mg
qid, 3 days
Azithromycin (or clarithromycin)
1.0-g loading dose, then 500 mg qid, 3 days
26
27.
Smith and Davies in 1986- metranidazole (200mg tid
5days)
Herrera et al in 1994- tetracycline therapy
There was a rapid control of pain levels, reduction in
edema, redness and swelling, periodontal probing depth
were significantly reduced.
Gingivectomy
Surgical flaps
27
29. RECENT STUDIES
If untreated the periodontal abscess may lead to
cervicofacial necrotizing fasciitis
Medeiros et al 2012
Orthodontic Elastic Separator-Induced periodontal
Abscess: A Case Report
29
Talia Becker and Alex Neronov in 2012