1. Lenses for cameras
The different lenses and options for cameras

2. Long lenses
ide and long lenses make a stronger statement about the decisions a photographer must
make such as with perspective and depth of field.
ong lenses are best for close ups and photographing animals that are far away.
ong lenses produce better pictures.
ong lenses are bulkier, heavier, and more expensive.
ong lenses have less depth( objects in the background can be photographed out so the
subject is seen clearly).
ong lenses produce better portraits.
• When you take a picture of a person close to the lens the features closest to the camera

3. Wide Angle lens
Wide angle lenses have a considerable amount of depth of field.
• Photographers who work in fast moving situations usually use a
moderately wide lens (such as 35mm) as their normal lens.
• They don’t have to pause to focus after each shot so the scene stays
sharp and doesn’t display too much distortion.
wide angle lens an also show an apparent distortion of perspective.
• Caused by the position of the photographer not the lens.
• Objects closer to the lens appear larger than an object of the same
size that is farther away.

4. Zone focusing
one focusing lets you set depth of field in advance of shooting.
t is good for rapid shooting.
o zone focus lens’s depth of field scale to find the frame stop setting
that will give you depth of field.
one focus works best with short focal length lenses.

5. Zoom lenses
oom lenses are popular because they combine a range of focal lengths
into one lens.
zoom lens is useful for getting the image right the first time.
• Cropping a photograph after the exposure and then enlarging it
lowers the quality of the image.
he lens elements inside a zoom can be moved in relation to one
another.
• This changes the focal length which changes the size of the image.

6. Zoom lens
zoom has some disadvantages
• Zoom lenses are more expensive, bulkier, and heavier.
• One zoom lens can replace two or more fixed-focal-length lens.
• The greater the range, the more evident the disadvantages become.
ome zoom lenses are best used where light is ample because they have a relatively
small maximum aperture.
• Zooms that keep the same maximum aperture at all focal lengths reduce
the size of the maximum aperture as their focal lengths increase.
• With zoom, be careful to make sure the shutter speed of the camera is
fast enough to avoid blur caused by camera movement.
• Most zoom lenses work best outdoors.

7. lenses
acro is useful for extremely close shots
he lens let you focus at a very close range and is corrected for aberrations that
occur at close focusing distance.
ome zoom lenses have a macro feature that focus closer that a non-macro
zoom but not as close as the a fixed focal length macro lens.
berrations are deliberately introduced in soft-focus lens, also called a portrait
lens.

8. lenses
or the widest of wide angle views consider the fisheye lens
fish eye has a very wide angle of view (some more than 180º) that
exaggerates to an extreme degree difference in size between objects that
are near to the camera and objects that are farther away.
n it’s design is barrel distortion which is an optical aberration that bends
straight lines to make curves along the edge of the image.
isheye lens produce great depth of field ,

9. lenses
perspective-control lens brings some view camera adjustment to other types of
cameras.
he lens shift in different directions to prevent parallel lines from tilting towards
each other, such as on a building.
catadioptric, or mirror lens, is similar in design to a reflecting telescope.
t has curved mirrors as well as galss elements within the lens.
• Results in a long focal length but a modest size.
• It has a fixed aperture which is usually rather small.

10. Focus
mage stabilization can be built in to a lens.
icrometers adjust to the position of special floating lens elements.
utomatic focus does the focusing for you.
n simple designs, you can press the shutter release button and the
lens will bring the image into focus.
• Works well when the main subject stays in the middle of the picture.

11. Focus
f your subject is not in the center you can use auto focus lock to make it
sharp.
rame the subject within the focusing brackets or point the camera straight
at it.
emporarily lock the focus by pressing halfway down on the shutter release
button.
eep it pressed and then reframe the scene.

12. Focus
ide-area focus systems provide more options.
ome viewfinders have more than one focusing bracket.
ou can rotate the dial on he camera back to select the bracket that
covers the area you want to be sharp.
hen you press the shutter, the camera will focus on the area and
will allow you to shoot fast moving objects.

13. Focus
nce you lock onto a subject, some cameras predict where the subject is likely to
be next while keeping the subject in focus.
he tracking system can lock onto the subject, adjusting the subject as the
subjects move closer or farther from the camera.
orks well if the subject is moving at a constant speed.
ou camera may let you select among its several focus modes.
anual focus has two other options.
• Single shot autofocus (focus priority)

14. focus
ome cameras have autofocus systems.
ead your camera’s instructions.
• You can understand how the autofocus mechanism operates and
when you would be better off focusing manually.
ctive autofocus sends out a beam of infrared waves that bounces back to
measure the distance to the subject.
assive autofocus looks at the image inside of the camera.

15. Focus
n autofocus system can be fooled.
his camera doesn’t what you are trying to photograph, so
unwanted subjects can cause the lens to focus incorrectly.
• if you are focusing on a goalie, and the referee moves
in front of the camera it may focus on the referee.

16. Sharpness
What exactly is sharpness and how can it be controlled?
 A lens can only focus on a flat plane at one single distance at
a time and objects in other distances will be less sharp.
 Objects will become more and more out of focus the farther
they are from the focus distance.

17. DEPTH OF FIELD
epth of field is the part of the scene that appears acceptably
sharp in the photograph.
epth of field can be shallow or deep; no definite endings to it.
o an extent, you can control how much of it will be sharp.
bjects gradually change from sharp to soft the farther they are
from the focused distance.

18. perspective
he camera image can seem surprisingly different from reality.
erspective is the way the brain judges depth in two dimensional
representation.
epth is perceived mostly b7 comparing the sizes of objects.
ooks like it increases if foreground objects appear larger than the
background ones.

19. Perspective
erspective is affected by the lens-to-subject-distance, not by lens
focal length.
oving your camera closer to the subject will make objects in the
foreground larger relative to those in the background.
he shortest lens provides the widest view
he longest lens gives the narrowest view

20. Perspective
n only one sense does the focal length of a lens affect the
perspective.
short lens can focus closer to an object than a long lens.
• It doesn’t eliminate most of the scene from view when you move in
close.
• Can produce wide angle distortion because it is easy to use up close
long lens can produce a telephoto effect because you are more
likely to shoot from far away.
• The lens isn’t creating the effect, the distance from the subject is.