Human Security And Japan International Cooperation Agency And Non-Governmental Organizations Collaboration (A Case Study Of Great East Japan Earthquake Tsunami)
Human Security And Japan International Cooperation Agency And Non-Governmental Organizations Collaboration (A Case Study Of Great East Japan Earthquake Tsunami)
Strategies for Developing Effective Emergency PreparednessAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Emergency preparedness is a critical facet of societal resilience, safeguarding communities from
a myriad of potential threats, including natural disasters and man-made crises. This research paper delves into the
multifaceted realm of "Strategies for Developing Effective Emergency Preparedness." It examines the historical
context, theoretical foundations, and key components of emergency preparedness, shedding light on the factors
that influence its effectiveness. This paper explores various types of emergencies, from natural disasters like
hurricanes and earthquakes to man-made incidents such as terrorism and cybersecurity threats. It investigates the
challenges inherent in emergency preparedness, such as resource constraints, communication barriers, and ethical
considerations, underscoring the need for comprehensive strategies. Furthermore, this research outlines effective
strategies for enhancing emergency preparedness, including risk assessment, response planning, training,
interagency collaboration, and public awareness campaigns. It draws insights from case studies, highlighting both
successes and failures, providing valuable lessons for future preparedness efforts.
Ultimately, this paper highlights the urgency of strengthening preparedness initiatives in an ever-changing world,
where unforeseen challenges continue to test the resilience of communities and nations.
Paper: What is disaster resilience education?Neil Dufty
Paper Presented at the
Australian and New Zealand Disaster and Emergency Management Conference
Surfers Paradise, Gold Coast (QLD), 5-7 May 2014
Community disaster education, communication and engagement (ECE) is an integral component of emergency management in Australia and around the world. Its main goal is to promote public safety and, to a lesser extent, reduce damages. However, many governments around the world, including Australia, aim to also build community disaster resilience, with learning viewed as a critical mechanism. There is therefore a need to examine current community disaster ECE practices with a view to aligning them to the broader goal of disaster resilience. To attempt this, an exploratory research methodology was utilised to examine possible education content and processes that could be used by emergency agencies and other organisations to design plans, programs and activities that build disaster resilience in local communities.
The research found that disaster resilience ECE content should not only cover preparedness and response aspects, but also learning about speedy and effective recovery for people, organisations (e.g. businesses) and communities. It found that disaster resilience ECE should also involve learning about the community itself, including how to reduce vulnerabilities and connect communities through social capital formation.
As a result of the research, opportunities for disaster resilience ECE were identified in the main learning domains: behavioural, cognitive, affective and social. The findings demonstrated that many current disaster ECE programs are only using limited parts of this learning ‘spectrum’, although this would be significantly increased by further embracing social media as a disaster resilience learning medium. The research also identified a framework to design disaster resilience ECE programs that can be used for any community. The framework includes guiding principles, ‘palettes’ from which to choose appropriate learning content and processes, and a series of ‘filters’ to tailor the programs to specific disaster-impacted communities.
This document discusses the establishment of the International Society for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (IDRiM Society). It summarizes a decade of conferences on Integrated Disaster Risk Management hosted by IIASA and DPRI. The document outlines the objectives of the IDRiM Society to promote interdisciplinary research, knowledge transfer, and the concept of integrated disaster risk management. It also summarizes activities like research meetings, publishing an academic journal, and fostering knowledge exchange to reduce disaster risks.
The document discusses Bangladesh's early warning system for cyclones and analyzes whether the country has normalized the crisis of recurring natural disasters through improved preparedness. It reviews Bangladesh's progress in developing its early warning capabilities over the past 50 years which has significantly reduced cyclone deaths, but questions whether more can still be done to help vulnerable coastal communities given thousands still remain at risk. Interviews with disaster management officials explore how well Bangladesh's system incorporates risk knowledge, monitoring, warning dissemination, and response capabilities based on the UNISDR early warning framework.
Disaster Management Practices Infive Public Libraries In SouthWest, Nigeriaiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
The place of education in building disaster resilience paperNeil Dufty
Disaster education is becoming increasingly popular as a means of ensuring public safety, knowing that governments and infrastructure cannot protect all individuals and their communities in all emergencies. With the commitment by governments over the past decade to building disaster resilience, there is also a growing desire for community education to support this relatively new goal. This paper examines what is required to refine existing disaster education plans and programs to effectively help build community disaster resilience.
At present, the frequent occurrence of emergencies has threatened the safety of peoples lives and property. The complexity and dynamics of emergencies determine the difficulty for the government as a single entity to deal with in emergency management. The active participation of non governmental organizations, including social organizations, and the realization of the coordination and coupling with government departments are conducive to the improvement of emergency management capability in all aspects and the whole process. Wang Meiying | Yue Danni | Fu Nannan "Research on Emergency Capability Assessment" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30533.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/risk-management/30533/research-on-emergency-capability-assessment/wang-meiying
Strategies for Developing Effective Emergency PreparednessAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Emergency preparedness is a critical facet of societal resilience, safeguarding communities from
a myriad of potential threats, including natural disasters and man-made crises. This research paper delves into the
multifaceted realm of "Strategies for Developing Effective Emergency Preparedness." It examines the historical
context, theoretical foundations, and key components of emergency preparedness, shedding light on the factors
that influence its effectiveness. This paper explores various types of emergencies, from natural disasters like
hurricanes and earthquakes to man-made incidents such as terrorism and cybersecurity threats. It investigates the
challenges inherent in emergency preparedness, such as resource constraints, communication barriers, and ethical
considerations, underscoring the need for comprehensive strategies. Furthermore, this research outlines effective
strategies for enhancing emergency preparedness, including risk assessment, response planning, training,
interagency collaboration, and public awareness campaigns. It draws insights from case studies, highlighting both
successes and failures, providing valuable lessons for future preparedness efforts.
Ultimately, this paper highlights the urgency of strengthening preparedness initiatives in an ever-changing world,
where unforeseen challenges continue to test the resilience of communities and nations.
Paper: What is disaster resilience education?Neil Dufty
Paper Presented at the
Australian and New Zealand Disaster and Emergency Management Conference
Surfers Paradise, Gold Coast (QLD), 5-7 May 2014
Community disaster education, communication and engagement (ECE) is an integral component of emergency management in Australia and around the world. Its main goal is to promote public safety and, to a lesser extent, reduce damages. However, many governments around the world, including Australia, aim to also build community disaster resilience, with learning viewed as a critical mechanism. There is therefore a need to examine current community disaster ECE practices with a view to aligning them to the broader goal of disaster resilience. To attempt this, an exploratory research methodology was utilised to examine possible education content and processes that could be used by emergency agencies and other organisations to design plans, programs and activities that build disaster resilience in local communities.
The research found that disaster resilience ECE content should not only cover preparedness and response aspects, but also learning about speedy and effective recovery for people, organisations (e.g. businesses) and communities. It found that disaster resilience ECE should also involve learning about the community itself, including how to reduce vulnerabilities and connect communities through social capital formation.
As a result of the research, opportunities for disaster resilience ECE were identified in the main learning domains: behavioural, cognitive, affective and social. The findings demonstrated that many current disaster ECE programs are only using limited parts of this learning ‘spectrum’, although this would be significantly increased by further embracing social media as a disaster resilience learning medium. The research also identified a framework to design disaster resilience ECE programs that can be used for any community. The framework includes guiding principles, ‘palettes’ from which to choose appropriate learning content and processes, and a series of ‘filters’ to tailor the programs to specific disaster-impacted communities.
This document discusses the establishment of the International Society for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (IDRiM Society). It summarizes a decade of conferences on Integrated Disaster Risk Management hosted by IIASA and DPRI. The document outlines the objectives of the IDRiM Society to promote interdisciplinary research, knowledge transfer, and the concept of integrated disaster risk management. It also summarizes activities like research meetings, publishing an academic journal, and fostering knowledge exchange to reduce disaster risks.
The document discusses Bangladesh's early warning system for cyclones and analyzes whether the country has normalized the crisis of recurring natural disasters through improved preparedness. It reviews Bangladesh's progress in developing its early warning capabilities over the past 50 years which has significantly reduced cyclone deaths, but questions whether more can still be done to help vulnerable coastal communities given thousands still remain at risk. Interviews with disaster management officials explore how well Bangladesh's system incorporates risk knowledge, monitoring, warning dissemination, and response capabilities based on the UNISDR early warning framework.
Disaster Management Practices Infive Public Libraries In SouthWest, Nigeriaiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
The place of education in building disaster resilience paperNeil Dufty
Disaster education is becoming increasingly popular as a means of ensuring public safety, knowing that governments and infrastructure cannot protect all individuals and their communities in all emergencies. With the commitment by governments over the past decade to building disaster resilience, there is also a growing desire for community education to support this relatively new goal. This paper examines what is required to refine existing disaster education plans and programs to effectively help build community disaster resilience.
At present, the frequent occurrence of emergencies has threatened the safety of peoples lives and property. The complexity and dynamics of emergencies determine the difficulty for the government as a single entity to deal with in emergency management. The active participation of non governmental organizations, including social organizations, and the realization of the coordination and coupling with government departments are conducive to the improvement of emergency management capability in all aspects and the whole process. Wang Meiying | Yue Danni | Fu Nannan "Research on Emergency Capability Assessment" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30533.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/risk-management/30533/research-on-emergency-capability-assessment/wang-meiying
Conflict and crisis management for national security the role of educational ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the role of educational managers in managing conflict and crisis for national security in Nigeria. It defines conflict as tensions that try to frustrate goals and identifies internal and external factors as causes. Security is defined as protecting a nation from threats. The document notes that Nigeria has faced many conflicts that increase insecurity and argues that education should help solve societal problems and foster development, but that the education system in Nigeria has dysfunctions that prevent it from achieving this and addressing security challenges. It concludes that properly harnessing education could help create unity and reduce insecurity in Nigeria.
Here is a draft essay on the democratic deficit in the EU:
The European Union (EU) has long been criticized for suffering from a "democratic deficit." This refers to the perception that decision-making power in the EU lies more with unelected bureaucrats and national governments, rather than directly with EU citizens through democratic elections and institutions. There is certainly some validity to this criticism, and efforts have been made over the years to address it, but the EU still faces challenges in fully overcoming the deficit.
One of the main sources of the democratic deficit is that the EU lacks a true European demos - a sense of shared European identity and public sphere. Most citizens still identify more strongly with their nation states than with the EU
Disaster Management System in India - Notes Pramoda Raj
1) Disasters can cause widespread damage and loss of life. The Sendai Framework provides priorities for disaster risk reduction including understanding risk, strengthening governance, investing in reduction, and enhancing preparedness.
2) Disaster management involves preparing for, responding to, and recovering from disasters to minimize impacts. It aims to make India resilient to disasters and reduce losses of life and assets.
3) International organizations like the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction coordinate global efforts in disaster risk reduction, with the Sendai Framework as the guiding document following the Hyogo Framework.
Paper - Recent research in disaster education and its implications for emerge...Neil Dufty
Paper presented at 2013 The International Emergency Management Society (TIEMS) Conference in Velaux, France.
Community disaster education is an integral component of emergency management around the world. Its main goal is to promote public safety and, to a lesser extent, reduce disaster damages. However, there has been relatively little research into the appropriateness and effectiveness of the community disaster education programs and learning activities, including those provided by emergency agencies. This is due largely to the general lack of evaluation of these programs, the difficulty in isolating education as a causal factor in aspects of disaster management performance, and disaster education not being embraced strongly by the academic field of education.
Compounding this situation is the call by many governments around the world to build community disaster resilience in addition to public safety, with education viewed as a critical mechanism. There is therefore an urgent need to not only examine current community disaster education practices based on education theory and practice, but also to align them to the broader goal of disaster resilience.
In response, an exploratory research methodology was utilised to examine possible learning content and processes that could be used by emergency agencies and other organisations to design Learning for Disaster Resilience (LfDR) plans, programs and activities for local communities.
The research found that disaster resilience learning content should not only cover preparedness aspects, but also learning about improving recovery for people, organisations (e.g. businesses) and communities. It found that disaster resilience learning should also include learning about the community itself, including how to reduce vulnerabilities and strengthen resilience.
Opportunities for disaster resilience learning were identified in four broad learning domains – behavioural, cognitive, affective and social. The findings demonstrated that many current disaster education programs are only using limited parts of this learning ‘spectrum’, although this would be significantly increased by further embracing social media as a disaster resilience learning medium.
Needs for Disaster Risks Reduction Education in Nigeriaiosrjce
This paper reviews disaster risk reduction and the need to involve disaster education in educational institutions
curriculum for sustainable quality education. Disaster encompass serious disruption of the functioning of society causing
wide spread human, material, economic, or environmental losses which exceeds the ability of the affected community to
cope, using its own resources. Rising concern on disaster risks in all countries is evidenced in the number of major disasters
and the amount of losses sustained there-from have been on the increase. Framework of Action (HFA) stresses the “use of
knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience.” This paper advocates turning human
knowledge into local action to reduce disaster risks. The basic principles should outline the general objectives and scope of
disaster risks reduction at schools and educational materials to teach all stages of disaster risks reduction through quality
education.
1) The Disaster Safety Education project in Sri Lanka integrated disaster risk reduction (DRR) into teacher training, school curricula, and materials after the 2004 tsunami.
2) Five factors contributed to its success: passion from partners, strong partnerships between organizations, infusion of DRR concepts throughout the education system, action-reflection learning cycles, and respect for all ethnic groups.
3) The project helped establish national DRR guidelines, train educators, and contribute to regional DRR networks, while navigating challenges during Sri Lanka's civil war through balanced participation and local offices.
This document is a term paper that assesses disaster risk management in the areas of awareness and preparedness. It identifies fundamental concepts of disaster such as natural hazards that affect the Philippines. It discusses relevant theories like the Vested Interest Theory and Extended Parallel Process Model. It also cites literature on disaster risk reduction and management in the Philippines, including Republic Act No. 10121 and studies on earthquake and flood risks in Metro Manila. Finally, it proposes assessing awareness and preparedness through a questionnaire to local government units.
This document is a term paper that assesses disaster risk management in the areas of awareness and preparedness. It identifies fundamental concepts of disaster such as natural hazards that affect the Philippines. It discusses relevant theories like the Vested Interest Theory and Extended Parallel Process Model. It also cites literature on disaster risk reduction and management in the Philippines, including Republic Act No. 10121 and studies on earthquake and flood risks in Metro Manila. Finally, it proposes assessing awareness and preparedness through a questionnaire to local government units.
This document discusses disaster risk management with a focus on awareness and preparedness. It aims to identify concepts of disaster, relevant disaster theories, and related disaster literature. The document analyzes the Philippines' vulnerability to natural disasters like typhoons and discusses how awareness and preparedness are important for stakeholders. It also outlines methods used to gather data from secondary sources and discusses key concepts like the vested interest theory and extended parallel process model.
Prof Akiko Yamanaka, the Special Advisor to the President of ERIA, participated as one of the co-chairs of Task-Force 4 (TF4): Economic Effects of Infrastructure Investment and its Financing, one of the ten Task Forces at the Think20 (T20), the research and policy advice network for the G20 Summit 2019 that was held on 26-27 May 2019 in Tokyo, Japan.
During the panel session of TF4, Prof Yamanaka proposed ways to develop high-quality infrastructure investments that takes various challenges into account, namely financial, climate, and urban planning challenges. Prof Yamanaka spoke about three issues regarding people and infrastructure, which can contribute to disaster mitigation, such as enabling laws, raising awareness, and developing infrastructure.
Document originally published here: https://t20japan.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/t20-japan-tf4-8-disaster-mitigation-social-resilience-humans-infrastructure.pdf
A Model of Disaster Resilience Among Colleges and Universities: A Mixed Metho...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This research paper aimed to create a comprehensive framework for measuring disaster
resilience in colleges and universities. The study used a mixed method through Exploratory Factor Analysis
(EFA), which involved analyzing data from a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed based on
in-depth interviews with 12 selected participants from the University of Mindanao, as well as relevant literature
and studies. It was reviewed and validated by 10 experts using a method called Content Validity Ratio (CVR).
This questionnaire was then administered to 400 students from 10 different colleges in University of Mindanao.
After conducting the Exploratory Factor Analysis and performing rotations and iterations, the researchers
identified five main constructs that characterize disaster resilience among colleges (1) disaster preparedness, (2)
disaster awareness, (3) community readiness, and (4) disaster management, (5) disaster resilience. The
researchers aimed to create an organization called “Council of College Disaster Volunteers (CCDV)” which
consist of student volunteers. These factors can be used to develop effective management strategies and
strengthen efforts in preventing and managing disasters and accidents.
KEYWORDS:content validity ratio, criminology, disaster resilience, disaster management, exploratory factor
analysis, and Philippines.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in disaster management including definitions of disaster management, vulnerability, risk, and capacity from various organizations. It discusses the disaster management cycle including prevention, preparedness, relief and recovery. frameworks for action like the Hyogo Framework and Sendai Framework are summarized. Types of vulnerabilities like physical, social, economic and environmental vulnerabilities are outlined. Gender differences in disaster impacts are noted. Risk is defined as the probability of potential losses from hazards given vulnerabilities. Different approaches to risk like acceptance, avoidance and transfer are covered. Other terms like resilience and coping capacity are also defined.
Towards a learning for disaster resilience approachNeil Dufty
- The document discusses exploring content and process for a Learning for Disaster Resilience (LfDR) approach to improve current disaster education.
- It suggests LfDR content should cover both external hazards and internal factors like community vulnerability/resilience, urban planning, and social capital.
- In terms of process, it reviews current disaster learning delivery approaches and identifies gaps, suggesting disaster education could benefit from drawing more on education theory and evaluation.
Peer-reviewed paper on 'Learning for Disaster Resilience' presented to the Australian and New Zealand Disaster and Emergency Management Conference held in Brisbane, Australia in April 2012.
The paper argues that three fields - disaster risk reduction, emergency management and community development - need to work together if community disaster resilience is to be achieved. Furthermore, it outlines research that shows that social capital formation is a critical factor in building resilience based on analysis of past disasters.
The paper then promotes the importance of education, communications and engagement (ECE) to help communities learn to build resilience using the three fields. It particularly stresses the benefits of social media in these learning processes.
The paper concludes by identifying knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in the further development and use of the 'Learning for Disaster Resilience' approach.
Social Protection and Climate Resilience: A Review Of Sub-Saharan African Cas...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document reviews case studies on the relationship between social protection and climate resilience in sub-Saharan Africa. It finds that cash transfer programs have helped build climate resilience among beneficiaries by decreasing the use of negative coping strategies during extreme weather events and increasing access to resources. However, the evidence is still limited in scope and more comprehensive research is needed to better understand the impacts of social protection on climate resilience across sub-Saharan Africa.
Challenges of implementing sustainable development in the Asia Pacific Region...ESD UNU-IAS
This document discusses the challenges facing pioneers in sustainability projects in Asia-Pacific region and the work of ProSPER.Net, a research network of 34 universities in the region. It outlines ProSPER.Net's activities in supporting joint research, awards, training programs. Key challenges discussed include declining populations and need for new approaches given limits of old theories on issues like population growth. The network aims to expand membership and research on sustainability issues in the region.
Much research to date has tended to view vulnerability by discipline or sector, yet individuals and households experience multiple, interacting and sometimes compound vulnerabilities. Cross-disciplinary thinking is emerging as multi-dimensional vulnerability is likely to become
an increasingly important concept if the outlook over the next 15 to 25 years is one of
multiple, interacting and compound stressors and crises, a result of the “perfect-storm” or “long-crisis” thesis of the interaction of demographics, climate change and food and energy prices. A realigned analytical lens is thus useful to bring together the various intellectual strands involved in multi-dimensional vulnerability analysis. In light of the above, this paper reviews the literature on vulnerability and asks what a “three-dimensional human
wellbeing” approach - a complement to more traditional ways of understanding poverty -might contribute to the analysis of vulnerability.
Social protection, climate change and gender equalityIIED
A presentation by Janna Tenzing, a climate change researcher for the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), on social protection, climate change and gender equality.
The presentation was given at a webinar on 'Gender inequalities in social protection – people, households and climate adaptation' hosted by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) on 2 April 2020.
Tenzing's research focuses on issues related to climate finance and gender equality and on the role of social protection in reducing structural vulnerability to climate change in the least developed countries.
More details: https://www.iied.org/webinar-gender-inequalities-social-protection-people-households-climate-adaptation
This document discusses strategic management perspectives that could be adopted for disaster education in Indonesia. It summarizes that Indonesia experiences many natural disasters due to its geographic location, but disaster education has been lacking integration and focus on prevention. The document analyzes strengths like existing disaster education modules, opportunities like strategic plans from disaster agencies, but also weaknesses like lack of disaster knowledge and threats like high crime rates. It argues adopting a SWOT analysis from strategic management can help formulate more reliable disaster education by assessing these internal/external factors.
A Study On Protection And Accountability In Haiti Following The Earthquake In...Audrey Britton
This document provides background context on Haiti prior to the 2010 earthquake. It discusses Haiti's history of socio-economic, environmental and political crises that have contributed to its poor development outcomes. Prior to 2010, Haiti ranked near the bottom on poverty and human development indices. The earthquake exacerbated existing vulnerabilities, displacing over 1 million people. International humanitarian organizations responded massively but additional disasters like cholera outbreaks and hurricanes slowed recovery. The document examines the status of vulnerable groups post-earthquake like children, women, the disabled and elderly. It also outlines the response by Disasters Emergency Committee members and discusses ongoing protection concerns in camps for displaced people.
Introductory Paragraph Essay E. Online assignment writing service.Diana Turner
The document discusses the relationship between criminology and criminal law. Criminology is the social scientific study of crime, criminals, and the criminal justice system. It examines the causes of crime and aims to understand criminal behavior. Criminal law defines crimes and punishments. While criminal law focuses on defining punishable acts, criminology studies criminal acts and those who commit them, as well as the environmental factors involved. Both fields overlap in their focus on defining and understanding criminal behavior, but they approach it from different perspectives - one legal and the other social scientific.
Writing An Evaluation Essay. How Do You Write A EvaluatiDiana Turner
The document provides steps for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It explains that users must first create an account with a password and email. They can then submit a request with instructions, sources, and deadline. Writers will bid on the request and the user can choose a writer based on qualifications. The writer will complete the paper and users can request revisions until satisfied. If plagiarized, a full refund is offered.
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Semelhante a Human Security And Japan International Cooperation Agency And Non-Governmental Organizations Collaboration (A Case Study Of Great East Japan Earthquake Tsunami)
Conflict and crisis management for national security the role of educational ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the role of educational managers in managing conflict and crisis for national security in Nigeria. It defines conflict as tensions that try to frustrate goals and identifies internal and external factors as causes. Security is defined as protecting a nation from threats. The document notes that Nigeria has faced many conflicts that increase insecurity and argues that education should help solve societal problems and foster development, but that the education system in Nigeria has dysfunctions that prevent it from achieving this and addressing security challenges. It concludes that properly harnessing education could help create unity and reduce insecurity in Nigeria.
Here is a draft essay on the democratic deficit in the EU:
The European Union (EU) has long been criticized for suffering from a "democratic deficit." This refers to the perception that decision-making power in the EU lies more with unelected bureaucrats and national governments, rather than directly with EU citizens through democratic elections and institutions. There is certainly some validity to this criticism, and efforts have been made over the years to address it, but the EU still faces challenges in fully overcoming the deficit.
One of the main sources of the democratic deficit is that the EU lacks a true European demos - a sense of shared European identity and public sphere. Most citizens still identify more strongly with their nation states than with the EU
Disaster Management System in India - Notes Pramoda Raj
1) Disasters can cause widespread damage and loss of life. The Sendai Framework provides priorities for disaster risk reduction including understanding risk, strengthening governance, investing in reduction, and enhancing preparedness.
2) Disaster management involves preparing for, responding to, and recovering from disasters to minimize impacts. It aims to make India resilient to disasters and reduce losses of life and assets.
3) International organizations like the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction coordinate global efforts in disaster risk reduction, with the Sendai Framework as the guiding document following the Hyogo Framework.
Paper - Recent research in disaster education and its implications for emerge...Neil Dufty
Paper presented at 2013 The International Emergency Management Society (TIEMS) Conference in Velaux, France.
Community disaster education is an integral component of emergency management around the world. Its main goal is to promote public safety and, to a lesser extent, reduce disaster damages. However, there has been relatively little research into the appropriateness and effectiveness of the community disaster education programs and learning activities, including those provided by emergency agencies. This is due largely to the general lack of evaluation of these programs, the difficulty in isolating education as a causal factor in aspects of disaster management performance, and disaster education not being embraced strongly by the academic field of education.
Compounding this situation is the call by many governments around the world to build community disaster resilience in addition to public safety, with education viewed as a critical mechanism. There is therefore an urgent need to not only examine current community disaster education practices based on education theory and practice, but also to align them to the broader goal of disaster resilience.
In response, an exploratory research methodology was utilised to examine possible learning content and processes that could be used by emergency agencies and other organisations to design Learning for Disaster Resilience (LfDR) plans, programs and activities for local communities.
The research found that disaster resilience learning content should not only cover preparedness aspects, but also learning about improving recovery for people, organisations (e.g. businesses) and communities. It found that disaster resilience learning should also include learning about the community itself, including how to reduce vulnerabilities and strengthen resilience.
Opportunities for disaster resilience learning were identified in four broad learning domains – behavioural, cognitive, affective and social. The findings demonstrated that many current disaster education programs are only using limited parts of this learning ‘spectrum’, although this would be significantly increased by further embracing social media as a disaster resilience learning medium.
Needs for Disaster Risks Reduction Education in Nigeriaiosrjce
This paper reviews disaster risk reduction and the need to involve disaster education in educational institutions
curriculum for sustainable quality education. Disaster encompass serious disruption of the functioning of society causing
wide spread human, material, economic, or environmental losses which exceeds the ability of the affected community to
cope, using its own resources. Rising concern on disaster risks in all countries is evidenced in the number of major disasters
and the amount of losses sustained there-from have been on the increase. Framework of Action (HFA) stresses the “use of
knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience.” This paper advocates turning human
knowledge into local action to reduce disaster risks. The basic principles should outline the general objectives and scope of
disaster risks reduction at schools and educational materials to teach all stages of disaster risks reduction through quality
education.
1) The Disaster Safety Education project in Sri Lanka integrated disaster risk reduction (DRR) into teacher training, school curricula, and materials after the 2004 tsunami.
2) Five factors contributed to its success: passion from partners, strong partnerships between organizations, infusion of DRR concepts throughout the education system, action-reflection learning cycles, and respect for all ethnic groups.
3) The project helped establish national DRR guidelines, train educators, and contribute to regional DRR networks, while navigating challenges during Sri Lanka's civil war through balanced participation and local offices.
This document is a term paper that assesses disaster risk management in the areas of awareness and preparedness. It identifies fundamental concepts of disaster such as natural hazards that affect the Philippines. It discusses relevant theories like the Vested Interest Theory and Extended Parallel Process Model. It also cites literature on disaster risk reduction and management in the Philippines, including Republic Act No. 10121 and studies on earthquake and flood risks in Metro Manila. Finally, it proposes assessing awareness and preparedness through a questionnaire to local government units.
This document is a term paper that assesses disaster risk management in the areas of awareness and preparedness. It identifies fundamental concepts of disaster such as natural hazards that affect the Philippines. It discusses relevant theories like the Vested Interest Theory and Extended Parallel Process Model. It also cites literature on disaster risk reduction and management in the Philippines, including Republic Act No. 10121 and studies on earthquake and flood risks in Metro Manila. Finally, it proposes assessing awareness and preparedness through a questionnaire to local government units.
This document discusses disaster risk management with a focus on awareness and preparedness. It aims to identify concepts of disaster, relevant disaster theories, and related disaster literature. The document analyzes the Philippines' vulnerability to natural disasters like typhoons and discusses how awareness and preparedness are important for stakeholders. It also outlines methods used to gather data from secondary sources and discusses key concepts like the vested interest theory and extended parallel process model.
Prof Akiko Yamanaka, the Special Advisor to the President of ERIA, participated as one of the co-chairs of Task-Force 4 (TF4): Economic Effects of Infrastructure Investment and its Financing, one of the ten Task Forces at the Think20 (T20), the research and policy advice network for the G20 Summit 2019 that was held on 26-27 May 2019 in Tokyo, Japan.
During the panel session of TF4, Prof Yamanaka proposed ways to develop high-quality infrastructure investments that takes various challenges into account, namely financial, climate, and urban planning challenges. Prof Yamanaka spoke about three issues regarding people and infrastructure, which can contribute to disaster mitigation, such as enabling laws, raising awareness, and developing infrastructure.
Document originally published here: https://t20japan.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/t20-japan-tf4-8-disaster-mitigation-social-resilience-humans-infrastructure.pdf
A Model of Disaster Resilience Among Colleges and Universities: A Mixed Metho...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This research paper aimed to create a comprehensive framework for measuring disaster
resilience in colleges and universities. The study used a mixed method through Exploratory Factor Analysis
(EFA), which involved analyzing data from a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed based on
in-depth interviews with 12 selected participants from the University of Mindanao, as well as relevant literature
and studies. It was reviewed and validated by 10 experts using a method called Content Validity Ratio (CVR).
This questionnaire was then administered to 400 students from 10 different colleges in University of Mindanao.
After conducting the Exploratory Factor Analysis and performing rotations and iterations, the researchers
identified five main constructs that characterize disaster resilience among colleges (1) disaster preparedness, (2)
disaster awareness, (3) community readiness, and (4) disaster management, (5) disaster resilience. The
researchers aimed to create an organization called “Council of College Disaster Volunteers (CCDV)” which
consist of student volunteers. These factors can be used to develop effective management strategies and
strengthen efforts in preventing and managing disasters and accidents.
KEYWORDS:content validity ratio, criminology, disaster resilience, disaster management, exploratory factor
analysis, and Philippines.
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Towards a learning for disaster resilience approachNeil Dufty
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- It suggests LfDR content should cover both external hazards and internal factors like community vulnerability/resilience, urban planning, and social capital.
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Peer-reviewed paper on 'Learning for Disaster Resilience' presented to the Australian and New Zealand Disaster and Emergency Management Conference held in Brisbane, Australia in April 2012.
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Social Protection and Climate Resilience: A Review Of Sub-Saharan African Cas...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
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Much research to date has tended to view vulnerability by discipline or sector, yet individuals and households experience multiple, interacting and sometimes compound vulnerabilities. Cross-disciplinary thinking is emerging as multi-dimensional vulnerability is likely to become
an increasingly important concept if the outlook over the next 15 to 25 years is one of
multiple, interacting and compound stressors and crises, a result of the “perfect-storm” or “long-crisis” thesis of the interaction of demographics, climate change and food and energy prices. A realigned analytical lens is thus useful to bring together the various intellectual strands involved in multi-dimensional vulnerability analysis. In light of the above, this paper reviews the literature on vulnerability and asks what a “three-dimensional human
wellbeing” approach - a complement to more traditional ways of understanding poverty -might contribute to the analysis of vulnerability.
Social protection, climate change and gender equalityIIED
A presentation by Janna Tenzing, a climate change researcher for the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), on social protection, climate change and gender equality.
The presentation was given at a webinar on 'Gender inequalities in social protection – people, households and climate adaptation' hosted by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) on 2 April 2020.
Tenzing's research focuses on issues related to climate finance and gender equality and on the role of social protection in reducing structural vulnerability to climate change in the least developed countries.
More details: https://www.iied.org/webinar-gender-inequalities-social-protection-people-households-climate-adaptation
This document discusses strategic management perspectives that could be adopted for disaster education in Indonesia. It summarizes that Indonesia experiences many natural disasters due to its geographic location, but disaster education has been lacking integration and focus on prevention. The document analyzes strengths like existing disaster education modules, opportunities like strategic plans from disaster agencies, but also weaknesses like lack of disaster knowledge and threats like high crime rates. It argues adopting a SWOT analysis from strategic management can help formulate more reliable disaster education by assessing these internal/external factors.
A Study On Protection And Accountability In Haiti Following The Earthquake In...Audrey Britton
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Semelhante a Human Security And Japan International Cooperation Agency And Non-Governmental Organizations Collaboration (A Case Study Of Great East Japan Earthquake Tsunami) (20)
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1. The document discusses how Christianity affected the Igbo culture in Nigeria.
2. Before Christianity, the Igbo society had its own structured community with customs, beliefs, and religion. They were skeptical of change.
3. Christianity introduced major changes to the Igbo community and society. The Igbo culture was better off before the introduction of Christianity.
Pin On Preschool Learning Activities. Online assignment writing service.Diana Turner
Virginia was a state that practiced slavery and embraced white supremacy. Even after the abolishment of slavery, Virginia remained a very conservative state. As late as 1967, Virginia had anti-miscegenation laws that made interracial marriage illegal, as seen in the Supreme Court case Loving v. Virginia which challenged these laws. The document discusses how Virginia viewed and treated people of color during the time of slavery and beyond, when white supremacy was still widely accepted.
Petronas Rapid Project Status Report. Online assignment writing service.Diana Turner
The document provides instructions for seeking assignment writing help from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account; 2) Complete an order form with instructions and deadline; 3) Review bids from writers and select one; 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment; 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a refund offered for plagiarized work.
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The document provides instructions for requesting essay writing help from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Receive the paper and authorize payment if pleased. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied. The service aims to provide original, high-quality content and offers refunds for plagiarized work.
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This document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting a paper writing request on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Receive the paper and authorize payment if pleased. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. It emphasizes that original, high-quality content will be provided, with a full refund option for plagiarized work. The document encourages choosing this service with confidence that needs will be fully met.
College Application Essay Format Example - GraduatDiana Turner
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The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work. The document promises original, high-quality content.
Michelle Obama spoke at the 2016 Democratic National Convention in support of Hillary Clinton and her campaign for president. She made the case that Clinton understands the challenges facing American families and is a fierce advocate for family issues. Obama praised Clinton's experience, values and vision, saying she will work to ensure families can afford health care and education. She urged voters to elect Clinton and make her the first female U.S. president, saying America needs leadership that understands people's daily struggles.
Why College Is Important - 844 Words Essay ExampleDiana Turner
The document summarizes key similarities between two ancient flood stories: the Babylonian epic of Gilgamesh and the biblical story of Noah's ark. Both describe a hero receiving divine warning of a coming global flood and instructed to build a boat with compartments to house family and animal pairs. The boats land on mountains after the hero releases birds to find land. The stories influenced how oral traditions were passed down and had tremendous impact on communities worldwide.
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- Borrowing money can be a good idea if the student chooses a career field that is financially promising and will allow them to pay back any student loans.
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How To Write A Surprisingly Good S. Online assignment writing service.Diana Turner
Here are the key points from the career episode:
- The author began their career as a senior project quantity surveyor for the construction of Sobha Beryl Luxury Apartments in Bangalore, India from May 2007 to September 2008.
- As a quantity surveyor, their initial tasks included preparing sketches for temporary structures using AutoCAD, procuring materials by raising purchase requests, and estimating quantities based on their engineering education.
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The document provides instructions for creating an account on the HelpWriting.net site to request writing assistance. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email, 2) Complete an order form with instructions and deadline, 3) Review bids from writers and select one, 4) Receive the paper and authorize payment if pleased, 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The site promises original, high-quality content and refunds for plagiarized work.
IMPACT OF FACEBOOK ON STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE Analysis Through The Soc...Diana Turner
This document provides an abstract for a study investigating the impact of Facebook usage on university students' academic performance through the lens of social capital. The study was conducted on Master's degree students at the University of Eastern Finland using a quantitative survey method. Key findings included:
- Facebook usage had a slight negative impact on students' academic performance as measured by GPA.
- Facebook was effective for maintaining existing relationships but not as effective for forming new relationships.
- Facebook increased students' social capital by facilitating communication, leading Facebook users to participate more in extracurricular activities.
- Students generally did not view Facebook as dominating their studies.
The document outlines the study's objectives, research questions, significance
An educational book is described that is intended to help IELTS exam candidates improve their speaking test performance. It includes sample interview questions and answers, topic
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
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Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
Human Security And Japan International Cooperation Agency And Non-Governmental Organizations Collaboration (A Case Study Of Great East Japan Earthquake Tsunami)
3. 911
Warangkana Korkietpitak et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 17 (2013) 909 – 917
governmental organizations activities are undertaken by JICA in order to protect the lives, livelihood and
dignity of human beings, which is based on the perspective of human security. In response to Japanese
rity is based on these four kinds of
cooperation as follows; 1) cooperation that comprehensively targets freedom from fear (conflicts and
disasters) and want (poverty); 2) cooperation that involves through consideration for the social
vulnerability; 3) cooperation that establishes mechanisms to protect and empower people; and 4)
cooperation that addresses global risks. Based on the implementation, JICA seeks closer cooperation not
merely with the governmental agencies, butalso with NGOs. The collaboration between JICA and NGOs
has been increasing since 2001 when Japan focuses on human security concept regarding to the
-related budget
allocation has been increasing since 2001
which is based on the bottom-up approach.
Table 1 Trends in NGOs-related Budget Allocations of JICA
Category
FY2002 FY2003 FY2004
Budget
allocation
s
Chang
e
Rate of
Change(%
)
Budget
allocation
s
Chang
e
Rate of
Change(%
)
Budget
allocation
s
Chang
e
Rate of
Change(%
)
JPP 952 952 - 1,090 138 14.5 1,580 490 45
Others* 1,868 737 65.2 2,830 962 51.5 2,650 -180 -6.4
Total NGO-
Related
allocations[A]
2,820 1,678 149.2 3,920 1,100 39 4,230 310 7.9
Total budget of
JICA(subsidies
)
168,855 - - 164,006 -4,849 -2.9 161,206 -2,800 -1.7
A/B (%) 1.67 - - 2.39 - 43.12 2.62 - 9.78
Budget allocations in unites of one million yen.
Note: * Other include the initial JPP, the Outstanding Portion of the CEP, PROTECO (Proposal of Technical Cooperation type),
Consulting Service Contracts and Expenses for Promoting Public Participation in Technical Cooperation
Source: Compiled by the Training Affairs and Citizen Participation Department, JICA. [1]
Moreover, the aim
natural disasters that has become a major threat to human security as well as cooperation between JICA
and Japanese NGOs on the perspective of human security. It also aims to investigate how JICA
collaborates with Japanese NGOs in assisting emergency response, providing reliefs and performing
rehabilitation activities of NGOs in the domestic context. The paper argues that JICA-NGOs
collaboration on human security in the domestic context should be developed since their close
collaboration will pave the way for strengthen linkages and cooperation with state actor and non-state
ists of three parts.
First part illustrates the relationship between human security and disaster. Second part illustrates JICA-
NGOs collaboration address in a case study of the Great East Japan Earthquake / Tsunami. The final
section contains the conclusion that points out the value of JICA-NGOs Collaboration in promotion of
human security in the future.
4. 912 Warangkana Korkietpitak et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 17 (2013) 909 – 917
2. Human Security and Disaster
2.1. Impact of Earthquake and Consequential Damages Relating to Human Security
Human security can be considered as an approach which emerged in 1990s as the anti-concept of
traditional prioritization on state. Human security places importance on the security of people such as
famine, disease, displacement, civil conflict and environmental degradation. Natural disaster has been
identified as a threat to human security in 1994 and in 2003 [2].
As the Commission on Human Security
states there are three kinds of crises that have much effect on human security. They are economic crisis,
natural disasters and conflicts which can be great threat of human security.
Human security is the fundamental issue that governments are concerned about how to enhance the
quality of life
confronted disasters and hazards in many centuries. Since the 19th
century there are many natural
disasters and hazard threats, mostly earthquakes in many cities around the world. Essentially, the major
threat of hazard originated by nature which consequently leads to the collapse of urban structure and
buildings, failure of urban infrastructure and also cause trauma for victims. The consequence of
earthquake, the secondary critical threats caused by earthquake are the debris from building or structure
collapsed which crucially cause. Moreover, the consequent hazards such as liquefactions, landslide and
tsunami might occur after earthquake happens [3].
Pelling et al. and Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) introduced
the typology of disaster impacts in 2002 and 2003 which described both direct and indirect damages. The
direct damages are counted on damage to fixed assets and capital which include inventory, materials and
natural resources, the mortality and injuries also addressed as direct damages. The indirect damages refer
to economic activity. Furthermore, the budget spending on recovery projects or the loss of income at the
household level should be considered as indirect damages. The indirect damages caused by disaster may
take a long time for recovery. Therefore, earthquake / Tsunami have an effect on human security in terms
of direct damages and indirect damages [4]
.
Table 2 direct and indirect damage in earthquake
General aspects Human security aspects
Direct damages
(Primary)
Geographical change, damage on infrastructures,
buildings collapse, losses in assets, loss of land,
production loss, loss of stock
Mortality, injuries, threats from disease, damage
cause losing house or belonging assets, trauma,
mental panic, disorder, stress
Indirect damages
(Secondary)
Expenditure spend on recovery and reconstruction,
subsidy, losses in Gross Domestic Products (GDP),
relief aid, telecommunication breakdown, loss in
electricity, water shortage, gas
Loss of household income, losing their jobs,
discontinuous in education, numerous
consumption on fuel, sanitary items in
evacuation center, nutrition in evacuation
shelters
Source: Authors, 2012.
2.2. A Case Study of Great East Japan Earthquake / Tsunami
On March 2011, the 9.0 Magnitude of earthquake struck in the northeast region of Japan. The most
severe affected areas are Miyagi, Iwate and Fukushima prefecture which has a greater number of disaster-
5. 913
Warangkana Korkietpitak et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 17 (2013) 909 – 917
related victims than other prefectures (Please see Fig. 1). Moreover, in case of Great East Japan
Earthquake / Tsunami were triggered by the triple types of disaster are earthquake, tsunamis and radiation
of nuclear power plant [5]
. Of these three linked disasters, the tsunami caused a 92.5% fatality rate by
drowning in the cold winter waters [6].
Most of the victims were elderly, or people aged 65 or over,
accounted for more than 30% of the population in many of the affected areas. For example, affected
municipalities in Iwate Prefecture had the following elderly-population ratios: 34.7% in Kamaishi City,
32.1% in Otsuchi Town, 31.4 in Yamada Town, 30.6% in Ofunato City, and 34.2 in Rikuzentakata City
[5]
(Please see Fig. 2). In case of houses, over 114,000 houses were completely destroyed. It has been
estimated that 154,000 people were evacuated in more than 2,300 official evacuation centers in 18
prefectures. 85% of evacuees (approximately 135,000) are concentrated in the worst affected prefectures
of Iwate (48,736), Miyagi (56,386) and Fukushima (25,886) [7].
In addition, social infrastructure such as
roads and ports, and production facilities in affected areas was damaged and disrupted thus local people
could not access to save places such as evacuation centers and hospitals. The damage caused by the
earthquake / tsunami was estimated between 16 and 25 trillion yen (approximately, between 198 and 309
billion US dollar) which more exceeded the 10 trillion yen cost of the 1995 Kobe Earthquake. The
government has been preparing the first supplementary budget for debris removal, rehabilitation of
infrastructures and construction of temporary housings which could be as large as $US 47 billion [8].
According to the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, more than 100,000 people lost their jobs in
the 3 Prefectures that were hardest hit by the earthquake and tsunami on March 11th
. The affected
prefectural governments have created temporary staff positions relating to the administrative works and
debris removal. Moreover, some of NGOs provided income generation activities and assistance to
municipalities for rebuilding local communities [9].
Fig. 1 Number of victims due to the 2011 Great Japan Earthquake
Source: Japan Statistical Bureau, 2012 [10]
Fig 2. Number of affected buildings
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
Hokkaido Aomori Iwate Miyagi Fukushima
Number of victims due to the 2011 Great Japan East
Earthquake
Killed
Missing
Injured
6. 914 Warangkana Korkietpitak et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 17 (2013) 909 – 917
Source: Japan Statistical Bureau, 2012 [10]
3. JICA-NGOs collaboration: A case study of the great east Japan earthquake/ tsunami
During the 1995 Great Hanshin-Aw lack of information and rapid
crisis assessment at all levels delayed the mobilization of critical resources [9]
. On the other hand, NGOs
played an important role in rescue activities so the presence of NGOs became increasingly noticeable in
the mid 1990s. Therefore, in the aftermath of the earthquake, the Japanese government increased its
interest and willingness to work with NGOs. During the latter half of the 1990s, JICA began to strengthen
its cooperation with NGOs. In 1996, regular NGO-JICA meetings and the NGO-JICA Reciprocal
Training Program started in 1998. JICA and NGOs hold regular meetings every three months in order to
facilitate information exchange and enhance mutual understanding. Since then, JICA works to build
partnerships with Japanese NGOs by launching specific collaboration schemes through local projects in
developing countries as well as through periodic meeting, trainings and joint project evaluation.
When the Great East Japan Earthquake occurred, JICA provided assistance to local affected victims,
including providing
Nihonmatsu Training Center in Fukushima Prefecture. The Nihonmatsu Training Center accommodated
approximately 450 people who evacuated from the areas close to nuclear power plants. Furthermore,
JICA provided indirect assistance for the United Nations (UNDAC and UNOCHA), overseas medical
teams and NGOs/NPOs which delivered essential food and non-food items as well as services in the areas
of health, WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene,) shelter, telecommunication, child protection and
foreign residents protection. At the early stage of the operation, the staff coordinated a participatory
meeting for evacuees and supported to set up the principle of resident autonomy, as well as provided
need-based support. Moreover, JICA dispatched its staff and Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers
(JOCVs) to affected areas such as Higashi-matsushima, Nihonmatsu, Tono and the northeastern coastal
area. At present many JICA staff and approximately 100 ex-JOCVs and JOVCs have been working as
volunteers in Miyagi and Iwate Prefectures, including Sendai Higashi-matsushima Ishinomaki and
Sanriku, in order to conduct relief activities in those disaster affected areas. JOCVs recovery activities
can be divided into needs assessment, Logistics on relief goods, cleaning debris, meal service, volunteer
coordination and medical assistance. Moreover, in order to improve the quality of life of the affected
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
Hokkaido Aomori Iwate Miyagi Fukushima
Number of affected buildings
Ruined
Half-ruined
Total burn down
Flood above the floor
Flood below the floor
Partly ruined
Non-dwelling
houses
7. 915
Warangkana Korkietpitak et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 17 (2013) 909 – 917
people, JOCVs started providing continuous support in the areas of health and child care utilizing their
experience in developing countries. Moreover, JICA provided facilities and dispatched staff with
expertise on reconstruction assistance for NGOs such as Japan Platform (JPF) and Japan NGO Center for
International Cooperation (JANIC) which played a key role in the coordination of citizen-led relief
activities. However, Japan Platform (JPF) took a leading with support from JPF and Japan NGO Center
for International Cooperation (JANIC) in communication and coordination of NGOs and mediated
between the prefectural governments and Council of Social Welfare.
As for JICA-NGOs collaboration, JICA Tohoku branch offers its office space to the Great East Japan
Earthquake Liaison Office of Japanese NGO associations, JP
was made available for briefing sessions on disaster relief activities and orientation session for volunteers.
who has finished his/her term in their assigned country and came back to Japan to NGOs working in the
Earthquake and Tsunami affected areas as an intern. Using this scheme, total of 3 JOCV OBs/OGs started
working as an intern in Child Fund Japan, a member NGO of JANIC, and JANIC Tono liaison office by
the end of July (JICA, 2011).
4. Conclusion
Japan is regarded as one of the most prepared countries against natural disasters. However, the Great
East Japan Earthquake / Tsunami was a magnitude of natural disaster which exceeded expectation so it
has much effect on human security directly since it causes nearly 20,000 people dead, and more than
10,000 people injured and missing (Please see Table 3). From the perspective of human security, it can be
concluded that the Great East Japan Earthquake / Tsunami threaten
be consider as direct damages. Moreover, human security conceives natural disasters as a threat to
Also, it is clearly seen that the Great
East Japan Earthquake / Tsunami bring about the lack of accommodation and jobs, utilities and social
infrastructure which can be consider as indirect damages. Therefore, affected people can not meet their
basic needs and they might not live their lives with dignity.
Table 3 Statistic data of Great East Japan Earthquake based on Human Security Aspects
Human Security Aspects Category Amount Units
Human lives
(Direct damages)
Dead 15560
Persons
Injured 5689
Missing 5329
Other damages
(Indirect damages)
Buildings 10.4
Trillion Yen
Lifeline utilities 1.3
Social infrastructure 2.2
Others 3.0
Source: Department of International Affairs, 2011, Yumio, 2011 [5]
8. 916 Warangkana Korkietpitak et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 17 (2013) 909 – 917
In perspective of human security, people and communities becomes the main referents to be protected
from the disaster and a major group should be focused on the most vulnerable people such as women,
children, the elderly, the poorest, the displaced, and so on. In the case of Great East Japan Earthquake /
Tsunami, the most vulnerable people were the elderly who can not move freely and might remain in their
own homes when the Great East Japan Earthquake
disaster management measures, particularly the measures of protection of the elderly, should be taken
into consideration in the future since Japan is an aging society. After the disaster, it is important to
reconsider how affected people will be sustained by the support of JICA and NGOs. After the disaster, it
is necessary to improve quality of life and provide humanitarian assistance by delivering necessary
emergency goods and services at a time. Furthermore, we should pay more attention to the vulnerable
people and their livelihood throughout the disaster management cycle.
The Great East Japan Earthquake / Tsunami bring JICA and NGOs to their first experience of full
scale response to domestic disaster. What can be evaluated about JICA-NGOs collaboration is the fact
that JPF is able to provide community support and livelihood support in a timely manner during the
transitional period between the emergency relief and the reconstruction stages. Furthermore, JPF is able
to provide support to affected areas that the government response can not cover, provide functional
enhancement support
mainly focused on human resources or man power in order to indirectly
-disaster context, JICA-NGOs collaboration is
still needed in term of relief activities since it takes time for affected people to recover from the impact of
disaster. Therefore, JICA-NGOs collaboration should contribute to protection and empowerment at the
local level in order to mitigate the impact of future disasters.
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