it will taught you to solve the numerical methods through which we calculate our data by programming and how it works

1. Algorithm and Flowchart
Dhanik Mahehswari
dhanikvikrant@gmail.com
Civil engineering department
QUEST Nawabshah

2.  In order to solve any problem by using computer, it is
very imperative to
 Detail the precise problem
 Itemizing the configuration
 The process of solving problem is known as “Problem
analysis”
Problem Solving Stages

3.  A problem solving process consists of eight stages as:
 Defining the problem
 Algorithm
 Flowchart
 Coding
 Input Preparation
 Compilation
 Debugging
 Testing

4.  This step has a great importance in obtaining the correct
solution of the problem
 The solution of the problem depends upon the description
and understanding the problem.
 This requires analysis of the problem to find the nature of
the problem analysis of the input data and planning of the
output result.
 This step achieves following goals:
Defining the Problem

5.  Problem description
 Determination of the objective
 Analysis of the input data
 Planning of output

6.  Series of procedural steps required to solve a given problem
is called an algorithm.
 The construction of the algorithm is the stage which requires
steps or operations which collectively solve 'a given problem.
 An algorithm usually is in ordinary English language and use
some mathematical symbols, if it is possible to solve a given
problem in more than one ways
 The choice of particular algorithm depends upon various
such as its reliability, accuracy and ease of modification.
Algorithm

7.  One of the most important factor in the choice of an
algorithm is the time requirement to execute it (after it in
high level language) with the help of computer.
 The algorithm which will least time when executed by a
computer is considered the best.

8.  Write an algorithm to print given roll number and name.
 Step 1: Enter Roll number
 Step 2: Enter Name
 Step 3: Print Roll number
 Step 4: Print name
 Step 5: Stop
EXAMPLE 01

9.  Write an algorithm to print the first ten natural numbers.
 Step-I: Select a counter A
 Step-2: Initialize A as zero
 Step-3: Add 1 to A
 Step-4: Print A
 Step-5: If A <10 then go to step-3
 Step-6: Stop
EXAMPLE 02

10.  Write an algorithm to print the greatest number from two
given numbers.
 Step-I: Enter two numbers as A and B
 Step-2: If A > B then Print A and go to step 4
 Step-3: Print B
 Step-4: Stop
EXAMPLE 03

11.  Write an algorithm to print a table of a given number
 Step-1: Select two counters as B and C
 Step-2: Initialize the counters B and C as zero
 Step-3: Enter a, number of table as A
 Step-4: Add 1 to B
 Step-5: Multiply A to B and assign the result to C
 Step-6: Print A; B and C
 Step-7: Check the value of B; If B<1O then go to step-4
 Step-8: Stop
EXAMPLE 04

12.  Write-an algorithm to print square and cubes from 1 to 5
 Step-1: Select the counter A, B and C
 Step-2: Initialize B and C as zero
 Step-3: Initialize A as 1
 Step-4: Calculate B as A*A
 Step-5: Calculate C as A*A*A
 Step-6: Print A, B, and C.
 Step-7: Add 1 to A
 Step-8: Check the value of A; if A < 5 then go to step-3
 Step-9: Stop
EXAMPLE 05

13.  A flowchart is a pictorial representation of the steps of a
involved in the procedure of solving any problem.
 The first formal flowchart was designed by John Von
Neumann‘
 A flowchart is drawn before the program in written to
ensure the instructions will be logically integrated.
 A flowchart is not a complete program but It is an aid to
programming.
FLOWCHART

14.  There are two types of flowchart, which are
 System Flowchart
 Program Flowchart
 A system flowchart shows the flow of data throughout a
data process as well as the flow into and out system. The
system analyst will use such a design and to explain a
data processing system.

15.  Program flowchart is a pictorial representation of the
method and sequence, to be followed for solving a
particular problem.
 There are several sets of the symbols, which are
standardized by American National Standard Institute
International Standard Organization (ISO) to draw the
flowchart.
 Most commonly used symbols are Oval, Parallelogram,
Rectangle, Diamond, Arrows, Connectors.

16.  Oval
 This ‘symbol' is used for beginning or end of a flowchart.
Therefore, it is also named as “TERMINAL”
Start/End

17.  PARALLELOGRAM:
 This symbol is used for transfer of data between Central
Processing Unit (CPU) output devices.
 In the simple words we can say this symbol is used to
represent and output operations.
 Therefore, it is also known as INPUT/OUTPUT box.
INPUT/
OUTPUT

18.  RECTANGLE:
 This symbol is used to represent any arithmetic operation
or transfer of data.
 This symbol is also known as PROCESS box.
PROCESS

19.  DIAMOND:
 This symbol is used to test the condition or to ask
question and on the their answers that decide a definite
path from a number of alternatives
 This symbols is also known as DECISION BOX.

20.  ARROWS:
 This symbol is used to show the direction of the flow
 In a flowchart every line must have an arrow to indicate

21.  CONNECTORS:
 Connectors are used to join the different parts of a
flowchart.
 The use of connectors gives neat shape to the flowchart.
there are two types of connector which are known as:
(a) On page connector
(b) Off page connector

22.  (a) On Page Connector
 On page Connector is represented by small circles.
 In a flowchart whenever complexity in branching arises,
this connectors used to connect one process with an
other place

23.  (b) Off Page Connector
 This symbol is used for off page Connector.
 In a complicated problem, flowchart may run into several
pages. The part of the flowchart on different pages is
connected with the help of Off Page Connector.

24.  Write a program to read a number from
keyboard, calculate the square of the
number and display it on the screen.
 1: Beginning of the program
 2: Read the number from the keyboard
 3: Calculate square of the Number
 4: Print the Square of the Number
 5: Stop
END
START
READ
Number
CALCULATE
(Number)2
PRINT
(Number)2
EXAMPLE 01

25.  Write a program to reads a number from
keyboard, checks; whether number is positive
or negative, if the number is positive it is
printed as it , If number is negative then
absolute value of the number is printed.
 1. Beginning of program.
 2. Read the number from the keyboard.
 3. If N >0, go to step 7
 4. Determine absolute value of N and assign
the resulting value to A, go
 5. Assigning the value of N to A
 6: Print the value of A
 7. End of program.
EXAMPLE 02 START
INPUT
N
PRINT
A
N = |N|
NO
IF
N ≥ 0
A = N
YES
B
START
B

26.  Draw flowchart to print given roll number and name.
 Draw flowchart to print the first ten natural numbers.
 Draw flowchart to print the greatest number from two
given numbers.
 Draw flowchart to print a table of a given number
 Draw flowchart to print square and cubes from 1 to 5
EXERCISE

27.  Draw flowchart to solve equation ax+b=0. Execute
flowchart using following data (i) a=3, b=6 (ii) a=0, b=52
 Draw flowchart to convert given temperature in Celsius
scale into Fahrenheit scale (i) 20oC (ii) 40oC (iii) 0oC