Population density is a measure of the number of people living per unit area. Cities generally have high population densities while rural areas have low densities. Countries with high population growth rates tend to be less developed with high birth rates and young population structures. Countries with low growth rates tend to be more developed with lower birth rates and aging populations. A low growth rate can stress economic and social systems, so governments provide incentives to increase births and extend working lives.

1. CHAPTER 2
Population

2. Population Density
• Population density is the number of people living in a
unit area of land.
• It is expressed in terms of the number of people per
square kilometre of the land. A dense population
would have more people per square kilometre
compared to a sparse population.
• For example, Singapore has a dense population of
about 6 000 people per square kilometre, compared
to Canada’s population density of
3 people per square kilometre.
Total number of people
Population density =
Total land area

3. Population Density
• People are not evenly distributed in a country and
some regions are more crowded than others.
• Cities generally have high population densities while
areas such as countrysides and deserts usually have
low population densities.
Countrysides usually have low
population densities with few
people per square kilometre. Cities have high population
densities with high number of
people per square kilometre.

4. High Rate of Population Growth
• Less developed countries with low levels of
economic wealth and poor living conditions usually
experience a high rate of population growth (e.g.
countries found in Africa, South America and some
parts of Asia).
• A population pyramid can be used to show the
pattern of population growth.

6. Population distribution-
The way in which people are spread out
over an area of land is known as the
population distribution.
• POPULATION DENSITY=
Total number of people
_______________________
Total land area

7. POPULATION DENSITY BY COUNTRY
• 1 Macau: 20,824.4 people per sqkm
• 2 Monaco: 16,486.7 people per sqkm
• 3 Hong Kong: 6,571.14 people per sqkm
• 4 Singapore: 5,539.77 people per sqkm
• 5 Gibraltar: 4,486.92 people per sqkm
• 6 Gaza Strip: 3,090.71 people per sqkm
• 7 Bermuda: 1,249.44 people per sqkm
• 8 Malta: 1,192.51 people per sqkm
• 9 Bahrain: 1,014.66 people per sqkm
• 10 Maldives: 1,000.73 people per sqkm

8. 10 MOST POPULATED CITIES
• Tokyo, Japan –
• Seoul, South Korea –
• Guangzhou (Canton), China –
• Mexico City, Mexico –
• Delhi, India –
• Mumbai, India –
• New York, USA –
• Sao Paolo, Brazil –
• Manila, Philippine –
• Shanghai, China –

9. Population Pyramid
• what is population pyramid?
• A graphical tool that shows the proportion of
the total population that is male or female in
the horizontal axis and their age groups in
the vertical axis

10. Concepts you should know
• Old:- those 60 and above
• Young:- Those between 0-14yrs
• Working populaion:- Between 15 yrs and 64
yrs
Small proportion in the elderly age group
Working population
Proportion of youth and children

11. Population pyramid of countries with
huge rate of population growth
Narrow apex:- high death
rate, poor medical fecility
Broad base – high birth rate
– high population growth

12. Countries with low rate of population
growth
Broader apex-better Medical
Facility-aging population
Narrower base-
Low birth rate-low
population growth

13. • Figure 2:
• Relatively narrow base.
• Broader apex.
• Elderly population more than working
population.
• Shows a developed economy
• Ageing population.

14. Inverted population pyramid
• In an inverted population pyramid, a huge
number of elderly - supported by a smaller
number of working people.
• The number of children continuously
decreases.
• Less economically active persons in the
future. And to make the situation even
worse, the average age of workers likewise
increases.
• Ex: Spain, Japan, Philippines.

15. Low Rate of Population Growth
• Mostly developed countries (Japan, UK) experience
low rate of population growth
low death rate low birth rate.
Factors that lead to Factors that lead to
low death rate? low birth rate ?
Higher standards of hygiene. Later marriages
Better nutrition. Fewer marriages
Better medical and health care . Preference for
smaller families

16. Low Rate of Population Growth
Since 1980, the total fertility rate of
Singapore has declined steadily and fallen
below replacement rate. Singaporeans were
getting married later, and more
Singaporeans were remaining single; 30% of
population were single in 2000 compared to
19% a decade earlier. As a result of this
fertility decline, the Singapore population is
aging at an alarming rate.

17. IMPLICATIONS
AGEING POPULATION
Smaller workforce : that can lead
to slow economic growth.
Higher taxes: burden on the
working population.
Defense: Lesser number of youths
to join armed forces .

18. Actions
-Encouraging marriage and childbearing
-Incentives –
Tax rebates ; child care subsidies ;
child care leave ; flexible working hours for
mothers ; affordable child care facilities
and in-house child care facilities

19. BABY BONUS
• It was introduced on 1 April 2001
• You will get a cash gift of up to
$4,000 each for your 1st and 2nd
child and $6,000 each for your 3rd
and 4th child.

21. Low Rate of Population Growth
Actions to manage a low rate of population growth
• Encouraging families to look after their elderlies-
promoting by various programmes, tax subsidies.
• extend the working life. 60-62
• There is also a need to encourage financial planning. Ex
CPF

22. Actions to manage a low rate of
population growth
• Meeting the needs of the elderly
• Building special facilities – More
clinics, hospitals ; old age homes
• Helping the elderly keep healthy :-
exercise classes and courses for life
long learning