Advanced broadcast journalism techniques videography & sound design

Advanced Broadcast
- videography &
sound
Don Goble
Ladue Horton Watkins High School
St. Louis, MO
dgoble@ladueschools.net
@dgoble2001
#JEAai

Goals for the SessionGoals for the Session
Build some common language
Teach you new methods or validate what you are
already doing
I’m not a “techie” - know enough to talk the talk
Presentation will be uploaded to my SlideShare
account for review
http://www.slideshare.net/dgoble

What is advanced broadcast?What is advanced broadcast?
Prefer the word video over broadcast
Mastery of basics & take on new
techniques
Confident troubleshooters
True storytellers
Mentors & leaders

Storytelling - Same subject
QuickTime™ and a
Motion JPEG A decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
BMX biking– basic video producer

Storytelling - different story
Inspired Bicycles –
Danny MacAskill April 2009

Ten FingerTen Finger
actionaction
reactionreaction
widewide
shotshotmediummedium
shotshot
closeclose
shotshot
eyeseyes
nosenose
soundsound
lightinglighting
backgroundbackground

CompositionComposition
• Rule of Thirds
• Eye Level
• High Angle
• Low Angle
• Oblique/Canted Angle
• Zoom In & Zoom Out
• Pan Left & Pan Right
• Hand Held Shots
• The Bird’s Eye View

FramingFraming• Rule of Thirds
• Eyes on Third
• No Head room
• Nose Room
• Shoot to edit protocol - give extra
time
• Always shoot in sequences
• Wide
• Medium
• Tight

Eye LevelEye Level
• A fairly neutral shot
• The camera is positioned as though
it is a human actually observing a
scene, so that actors' heads are on
a level with the focus.
• The camera will be placed
approximately five to six feet from
the ground.

High AngleHigh Angle
• Not so extreme as a bird's eye view.
The camera is elevated above the
action using a crane to give a
general overview.
• High angles make the object
photographed seem smaller, and
less significant (or scary).
• The object or character often gets
swallowed up by their setting - they
become part of a wider picture.

Low AngleLow Angle
• These increase height (useful for short actors
like Tom Cruise) and give a sense of speeded
motion.
• Low angles help give a sense of confusion to
a viewer, of powerlessness within the action
of a scene.
• The background of a low angle shot will tend
to be just sky or ceiling, the lack of detail
about the setting adding to the disorientation
of the viewer.
• The added height of the object may make it
inspire fear and insecurity in the viewer, who
is psychologically dominated by the figure on
the screen.

Oblique/Canted AngleOblique/Canted Angle
• Sometimes the camera is tilted (i.e. is not
placed horizontal to floor level), to
suggest imbalance, transition and
instability (any Michael Bay movie).
• This technique is used to suggest
POV=Point-of-View shots (i.e. when the
camera becomes the 'eyes' of one
particular character, seeing what they
see - a hand held camera is often used
for this).

Zoom In & Zoom OutZoom In & Zoom Out
• Slowly include a WS slow zoom to
CU and hold the shot.
• And then slowly begin a shot at a
CU and zoom to a WS and hold the
shot.
• Avoid if at all possible! Set your shot
& take your hands off the camera.

Pan Left & Pan RightPan Left & Pan Right
• Moving the camera to the left or right
side is called a Pan.
• Can help follow action or show the
landscape of your shot.
• Must be used sparingly and slowly.
• Avoid if at all possible! Set your shot &
take your hands off the camera.

Hand Held ShotsHand Held Shots
• The hand-held camera was invented in the
1950s to allow the camera operator to move in
and out of scenes with greater speed.
• It gives a jerky, ragged effect, totally at odds
with the organized smoothness of a dolly shot,
and is favored by filmmakers looking for a gritty
realism (i.e. Scorsese), which involves the
viewer very closely with a scene. Much favored
by the makers of NYPD Blue.
• If possible, ALWAYS use a Tripod when filming.
Shaky shots can be VERY distracting.

The Bird’s EyeViewThe Bird’s EyeView
• This shows a scene from directly overhead,
a very unnatural and strange angle.
• Familiar objects viewed from this angle
might seem totally unrecognizable at first
(umbrellas in a crowd, dancers' legs). This
shot does, however, put the audience in a
godlike position, looking down on the
action.
• People can be made to look insignificant,
ant-like, part of a wider scheme of things.
• Hitchcock (and his admirers, like Brian de
Palma) is fond of this style of shot.

LightLight
• White Balance - use a sheet of
white paper to help set
• Natural Light
• Florescent Lights
• Light kits

Camera PlacementCamera Placement
• 180 degree rule

Crossing the AxisCrossing the Axis
• 180 degree rule

Shooting Tips !Shooting Tips !
• Use a tripod
• Use Manual focus on the camera
• Be mindful of your light
• Shoot more footage than you need from as many
angles as possible
• Zoom your feet, not only the lens
Always:

Shooting Tips !Shooting Tips !
• Remove hats and glasses (eyes are windows to the
soul)
• Avoid bright backgrounds (windows, whiteboards,
etc.)
• Get a variety of angles (not just eye level)
• Avoid movement (pan & zoom while recording)
• Shoot for sound
Always:

More 7 cam angle examples
Example videosExample videos

6 shot video - PSA6 shot video - PSA
Told One Lie, Trust Was Broken

Example news packageExample news package
Former student Danny Spewak: Fishing story

Sound DesignSound Design
and Recording for Broadcast Journalism
courtesy of:
Michael Hernandez
Manhattan Beach, CA
Mira Costa High School
cinehead3@gmail.com
@cinehead

•Microphones & Recording
•Soundbites
•NATS
•VO
•Sound Editing
•Music
Heads UpHeads Up

•On camera mic
•Handheld mic
•Shotgun mic
•Lavalier
•Over-modulation
Basic Audio MistakesBasic Audio Mistakes

• Colorful
• Clear
• Concise
Soundbites andSoundbites and
InterviewsInterviews
the three C’s

• “tell me about...”
• subjective opinions
• expert opinions
• only this person could say it
• don’t use facts
• “...anything else you would like
to add?”
The three C’sThe three C’s
what you want

• rephrase soundbite
• “in a nutshell”
• “rephrase in one sentence...”
• “what are the two most important...”
The three C’sThe three C’s
how to get them

NATSNATS
Natural Sound
• show, don’t tell
• say it, show it
• what is it like to be there?
• what does it feel like?
• Doug Legore - all NAT sound storytelling

• punctuation
• split sentences into phrases
• good levels
• ducking and keyframing
• split edits
Editing SoundEditing Sound

WAVY 2012
Gun Law video example –
use of NAT sound for punctuation

• add emotion
• didn’t record NATS
• fix audio problems
• “It’s what the pros do.”
MusicMusic
Why ?

• manipulative
• subjective
• hyperbole
• violates copyright law
MusicMusic
Why Not?

• be a better sound editor
• use music from NATS
• creative commons license
MusicMusic
How to do it right

Microphones & RecordingMicrophones & Recording
Classifications
Power Source
Pickup Pattern
Mic Use

Classifications
Power Source
Dynamic: does not need batteries.
Tends to be rugged.
Condenser: uses battery to amplify signal.
Higher quality signal.

Classifications
Pickup Pattern
Omni-directional: sensitive to sounds
from all directions.
Picks up sound evenly from
all directions
(omni means "all" or "every")

Classifications Pickup Pattern
Uni-directional: sensitive to sounds
from one direction.
“Cardioid” “Super-cardioid”
Picks up sound predominantly
from one direction.
“Super” very directional and eliminates most sound
from the sides and rear

Classifications
Mic Use
Hand-held
Lavalier
Shotgun

Classifications
Mic Use
Hand-held: usually dynamic, cardioid

Classifications
Mic Use
Hand-held: usually
dynamic, cardioid

Classifications
Mic Use
Lavalier: condenser, usually omni-directional

Classifications
Mic Use
Lavalier: condenser, usually
omni-directional

Classifications
Mic Use
Shotgun: condenser,
super-cardioid

Classifications
Mic Use
Shotgun: dynamic, super-
cardioid
windsock

Uses of SoundUses of Sound
Noise: Unwanted or unintentional
sound elements
Noise vs. Sound
Examples: phone ringing, car
alarms, planes flying overhead, hum
from a bad cable, etc.

Uses of SoundUses of Sound
Sound: sound elements
intentionally recorded or
included in soundtrack
Noise vs. Sound
Examples:
VO, soundbites,
NATS, etc.

Sound RecordingSound Recording
Volume: Loudness.
What you hear through
speakers and headphones.
Adjustable.
Volume vs. Level
Level: Signal strength.
Permanent once recorded.

VU Meter
Measures the level.
Peak levels should not go above 0dB
Shown in decibles (dB) or percentage of modulation (0-100%)

Overmodulation
Level is too strong to be recorded accurately
Results in distortion of the signal

QuickTime™ and a
H.264 decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

News Feature from HEC-TV &
other Goble videos with professionals:
While on the site, also visit theVideo Production Tips page!

Q & A
Don Goble
Ladue Horton Watkins High School
St. Louis, MO
dgoble@ladueschools.net
@dgoble2001
#JEAai13

Advanced broadcast journalism techniques videography & sound design

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