1. Source: http://image.absoluteastronomy.com/images/encyclopediaimages/c/cp/cput_cape_town_campus.jpg Clickers in HE – Research and practice Daniela Gachago, Educational Technology Unit Fundani Centre for Higher Education Development, CPUT

2. Kay, H. K. & LeSage, A. (2009). Examining the benefits and challenges of using audience response systems: A review of the literature. Computers & Education, 53 (2009), 819-827. Simpson V. & Oliver M. (2007).Electronic voting systems for lectures then and now: A comparison of research and practice. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 2007, 23(2), 187-208. Caldwell J. (2007). Clickers in the Large Classroom: Current Research and Best-Practice Tips. CBE—Life Sciences Education. Vol. 6, Spring 2007. More stuff on clickers: http://cft.vanderbilt.edu/docs/classroom-response-system-clickers-bibliography/#reviews

3. Interactive, instructing questioning as teaching method is nothing new…

4. New technology…CLICKERS! Anonymous Instant feedback Variety of question types Record of data

5. Assumptions* Content transmission is not the most effective way of learning Students activeengagement with ideas and applications support learning Quality feedback should be provided to students * Simpson V. & Oliver M. (2007). Electronic voting systems for lectures then and now: A comparison of research and practice. Australasion Journal of Educational Technology 2007, 23(2), 187-208.

6. Main research areas* * Caldwell J. (2007). Clickers in the Large Classroom: Current Research and Best-Practice Tips. CBE Life Sciences Education, Vol. 6, Spring 2007.

7. A boat carrying a large boulder is floating on a lake. The boulder is thrown overboard and sinks. The water in the lake with respect to the shore Rises Drops Remains the same 0 of 30

8. The figure below presents three corridors to be used for traversing a road connecting two termini Mbazwana and Sodwana Bay

9. Quickly gathering information How many semesters of calculus have you had? How many countries outside South Africa have you visited? Icebreaking questions: how are you feeling today? How was your weekend? Who am I?

10. Recall questions: Beginning of class Who has read the assigned material? Source: visual.dichotomy, www.flickr.com

11. Testing pre-knowledge of students

12. Q2: The earth is flat. It is not flat, I can convince someone who says it is flat It is flat, and I can convince someone who says it is not flat It is not flat, although I do not know how to convince someone who says it is flat It is flat, although I do not know how to convince someone who says it is not flat

13. Lecturer’s feedback… Generally most students got all the questions right- which really surprised me, as I thought they had no idea of the concepts I was gonna teach. I had got this impression from the lecturer whom I took this topic from, and who has taught it for over 20 years. She said was certain, from her experience, that the students know nothing, hence my surprise at the consistently correct answers. …. This also made me re-think my teaching approach, and I have been able to spend less time on the basics, go faster in class (I gave the students typed notes), and I've had time to include videos for teaching (which the students have loved very much!).

14. Comparing class survey with survey results from published studies Source: Dr R James, UGA, http://www.slideshare.net/rnja8c/using-clickers-in-the-classroom-posted

15. How many Grade 11 students in Cape Town’s most deprived areas regularly access the Internet through their mobile phones* Less than 20% 20-40% 40-60% 60-80% Nearly everyone 0 of 30 Kreutzer T. (2009). Generation Mobile: Online and Digital Media Usage on Mobile Phones among Low-Income Urban Youth in South Africa

16. Study results… …majority of respondents (68%) have used a mobile phone on the previous day to access the Internet, while half of all respondents (49%) used the mobile Internet to access the Web on the previous day. Interpersonal communication remained the most common use of phones, with 87% of respondents making calls or sending SMS messages on a typical day.

17. Predict the outcome of an experiment Source: Dr R James, UGA, http://www.slideshare.net/rnja8c/using-clickers-in-the-classroom-posted

18. Steve Draper, University of Glasgow “Possibly the most productive application, however, and the one with the largest body of existing research, is in using the equipment to initiate a discussion.* ” * Draper S. (n.d.) Electronically enhanced classroom interaction.

19. 5. We read (in par. 5) that Sonto enjoyed working in groups and did not enjoy the competitive spirit in some of his classes. This suggests that Sonto: believes that power is distributed unevenly in society has a collectivist orientation to society is task-orientated is from a culture that supports individualism

20. According to the poet, what is the main benefit of the World Cup: Improved infrastructure Improved stadia Creation of permanent jobs Boosting the economy sustainably 5

21. Mazur Sequence “You can forget facts but you cannot forget understanding” Prof. Eric Mazur, Harvard

22. Strathclyde video

24. Source: Bates S., Howie K. & Murphy A. (2006). Enter question text... Answer1 Answer2 answer3

26. Why bother*?

27. Benefits: studies on... * Classroom environment benefits: increasing attendance, attention, anonymity and participation, engagement Learning benefits: interaction, discussion, contingent teaching, learning performance, quality of learning Assessment benefits: feedback, formative assessment, comparing responses with others Kay, H. K. & LeSage, A. (2009). Examining the benefits and challenges of using audience response systems: A review of the literature. Computers & Education, 53 (2009), 819-827.

28. UoEstaff perception

29. UoE (staff): Ranked by importance, clickers seem to be most useful to…

30. Challenges from staff perspective Technological challenges Responding to student feedback Coverage Development of questions

31. Students perception* Overall trend in literature: most students like using clickers More consistent when asked about enjoyments than helpfulness Main benefit: instructor has improved awareness of students’ needs and teaching style is viewed as more “immediate” Features liked best: anonymity, potential to reinforcelearningand possibility to compare your answer with rest of the class * Caldwell J. (2007). Clickers in the Large Classroom: Current Research and Best-Practice Tips. CBE Life Sciences Education, Vol. 6, Spring 2007.

32. CIVIL Engineering CLASS

33. Clickers are cool… Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree

34. Clickers help me most… To keep my attention To keep me entertained To help me understand concepts To show me whether I understood a question or not To give the lecturer feedback on what I know 0 of 30

35. Communication class

39. Graphics Design Class

41. However: students are also critical Clickers require cognitive energy and cooperation from students “stop messing around with technology and get back to good basic teaching” (d’inverno, 2003) Less content is covered when using clickers Increased confusion in discussions When used in a non-anonymous way: resistance to being monitored

42. Clicker fatigue?

43. Potential: extensive change of teaching practice Towards a more discursive, segmented, tutorial style approach (Nicol & Boyle, 2003) Contingent teaching (Draper & Brown, 2004) Re-design of physical teaching spaces which allow collaboration / debate between students

45. References Bates S., Howie K. & Murphy A. (2006), Electronic voting systems; from one way transmission to two-way conversation, the Journal of the Higher Education Academy Physical Sciences Centre (ISSN 1740-9888) - Issue 2 Dec 2006. Caldwell J. (2007). Clickers in the Large Classroom: Current Research and Best-Practice Tips. CBE—Life Sciences Education. Vol. 6, Spring 2007. Draper, S. W. & Brown, M. I. (2004). Increasing interactivity in lectures using an electronic voting system. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 20, 81-94. Kay, H. K. & LeSage, A. (2009). Examining the benefits and challenges of using audience response systems: A review of the literature. Computers & Education, 53 (2009), 819-827. Nicol, D. & Boyle, J. T. (2003). Peer instruction versus class-wide discussion in large classes: A comparison of two interaction methods in the wired classroom. Studies in Higher Education 28(4), 457-473. Simpson V. & Oliver M. (2007).Electronic voting systems for lectures then and now: A comparison of research and practice. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 2007, 23(2), 187-208. Huge resource database: http://cft.vanderbilt.edu/docs/classroom-response-system-clickers-bibliography

46. Thank you! Daniela Gachago gachagod@cput.ac.za www.edutechcput.wordpress.com/clickers