A study guide to Business Finance. (ideas from the sources, located in the last slides)

1. Intermediate Sources of
Capital

2. Intermediate Sources of Capital
Short – term Financing
Business Finance Functions
Intermediate – term
Financing
Long – term Financing

3. Intermediate Sources of Capital
Short – term Financing
Business Finance Functions
Intermediate – term
Financing
Long – term Financing
• Short-term capital is funds that are
borrowed for less than one year.
• Used when companies have expanded
their initial capital
• Occurs when one has neglected the task of
preparing a projected cash flow budget
statement
• This include Trade credit obtained from
creditors.

4. Intermediate Sources of Capital
Short – term Financing
Business Finance Functions
Intermediate – term
Financing
Long – term Financing
•Early-stage capital (intermediate
capital) is funds to be paid back within
a period of five years.
•Need arises as need for working capital
increases.
•Used for small expansion activities.
•This includes leasing and medium term
loans.

5. Intermediate Sources of Capital
Short – term Financing
Business Finance Functions
Intermediate – term
Financing
Long – term Financing
• Covers long-term projects lasting longer than
five years.
• Used for fixed assets and real estate
purchases, expensive machinery, and
franchise financing.
• Used for major expansions or the acquisition
of expensive equipment.
• This includes long term loans and share
capital.

6. Intermediate Sources of Capital
- Intermediate term financing or
Intermediate Source of Capital.
Refers to borrowings with repayment
schedule of more than one year but
less than ten years.
Intermediate – term Financing

7. Intermediate Sources of Capital
Features of intermediate-term financing
1. Maturity:
The maturity of intermediate-term financing is one year to five years. Sometimes the finance
period can be exceeding up to seven or ten years.
2. Size of loan:
The size of loan is generally small. Because the main sources of intermediate-term financing are
commercial bank and insurance company. Normally commercial bank does not finance to the
company for expanding their business.
3. Users of term financing:
Generally small, middle and large businesses use this loan. Specifically commercial bank does
not finance which business can not excess the capital market.

8. Intermediate Sources of Capital
4. Objective of credit:
The objective of this loan is to expand capital, machinery or replace capital
machinery.
5. Repayment method:
Repayment of loan is made instalment basis that may me in balloon payment
method or capital recovery method.
6. Security provision:
Though loan is used to purchase assets, security is required to get this type of loan.
Especially small or middle business must require security to collect this loan.
Generally buildings, machineries, plant etc. are used as security. Now-a- days
share, debenture, etc. also used as security.

9. Intermediate Sources of Capital
7. Cost of financing:
Cost of this financing is relatively more than short-term finance and less than
long-term finance.
8. Flexibility:
The amount of loan or repayment of loan is flexible. Suppose you have got five
years period loan from a bank against a plant asset. Your assets life time is 20 or
25 years; here you can enhance your loan or repayment period.
9. Renewable:
Intermediate-term financing agreement is renewable. Commercial bank normally
offers renewable option to business at the end of loan period.

10. Intermediate Sources of Capital
Advantage of Intermediate Term Financing
1. Flexibility: the borrower can get loan as his/her need.
2. Low cost: cost is less than long-term financing.
3. Convenience in repayment: the borrower can repay the loan as instalment or at a time.
4. Renewable: if the borrower fails to repay instalment, the loan repayment period can be
expand.
5. Maintaining secrecy
6. Goodwill for the borrower
7. Rapid financing: collecting loan from capital market by selling share or debenture is time
consuming. So business collect intermediate-term credit in a short time.
8. Control
9. Only source for small business
10. Get ownership of asset without capital
11. Tax advantage

11. Intermediate Sources of Capital
Disadvantage of Intermediate Term Financing
1. It is comparatively high cost than short-term financing.
2. Inconvenience of instalment payment if inflow of cash is decreasing.
3. If borrower fails to repay instalment, the lender collect money by selling
borrower’s collateral security.
4. It is not easy to get loan for financially weak, small and new business.
Because banks, financial institutions give more afford to borrower’s
financially solvency when considering loan.
5. Sometimes lenders impose some restrictions over the borrower which
limits the borrower’s power.
6. The borrower is required to keep a portion of loan as compensating
balance.

12. Sources of INTERMEDIATE
– TERM FINANCING
Private Financial Institution The Government
Private
Commercial Banks
Insurance
Companies
Finance Companies
Factors
Pre – Need
Companies
Conduit Private Banks Conduit Private Banks
Private Commercial Banks
Private Thrift Banks
Private Development Banks
Rural Banks
Private Savings and Mortgage Banks
Private Savings and Loans
Associations
LDP
DBP

13. Private Financial Institution (Private commercial Bank)
Private Commercial Banks
An establishment that
focuses on dealing
with financial
transactions, such as
investments, loans
and deposits.
-

14. Term Loan Defined Is a bank advance for a specific period repaid, with
interest, usually by regular periodic payments.
-
3 Types of term loan
Straight term loan – granted to finance fixed assets.
Revolving Credit – is a legally assured line of credit, normally
extended for two or three year time period.
Evergreen Credit – is a revolving credit a arrangement without a
stated maturity.
Private Financial Institution (Private commercial Bank)

15. Term Loan Agreement Formal loan agreements are required
in the granting of term loans.
-
Loan Agreement Features :
 Repayment Schedules
 Interest rates
 Maximum commitments
Private Financial Institution (Private commercial Bank)

16. Common Provision of a Loan
Agreement:
1. The borrower is required to maintain a certain amount of working capital or
a given current ratio.
2. The borrower is required to furnish the book of the creditor with audited
annual financial statements and directed quarterly or monthly statements.
3. The borrower is prohibited to dispose his business property, except
inventories.
4. The borrower is prohibited from incurring additional long – term debts or
additional lease obligation.
5. The borrower is not allowed to repurchase the company’s own stock.
Private Financial Institution (Private commercial Bank)

17. 1. Equal Principal Payments
2. Equal Amortization
3. Balloon Payment
4. Deferred Payment of Principal with Grace Period.
Repayment of Term Loans:
Private Financial Institution (Private commercial Bank)

18. EqualPrincipal
Payments
EqualAmortization
BalloonPayment
DeferredPaymentof
PrincipalwithGracePeriod
Original Principal: 100,000
Lone Term: 10 Yrs.
Annual Interest rate: 8%
Under this
arrangement, the
loan is repaid in
equal amount of
principal
-
Year Outstanding
Principal at the
beginning of year(P)
Interest due at
end of year(I)
(P*8%)
Repayment of
principal at end of
year (RP)
Total Payment at
end of year(TP)
(I+RP)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
PhP. 100,000
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
PhP. 80,000
7,200
6,400
5,600
4,800
4,000
3,200
2,400
1,600
800
PhP. 10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
PhP. 18,000
17,200
16,400
15,600
14,800
14,000
13,200
12,200
16,600
10,800
Private Financial Institution (Private commercial Bank)

19. EqualPrincipalPayments
Equal
Amortization
BalloonPayment
DeferredPaymentof
PrincipalwithGracePeriod
Original Principal: 100,000
Lone Term: 10 Yrs.
Annual Interest rate: 8%
-Under this
arrangement, the
loan is repaid in
equal installments.
Years Outstanding
Principal at the
beginning of
year(P)
(P-RP)
Interest due at end
of year(I)
(P*8%)
Repayment of
principal at end
of year (RP)
Total Payment at end
of year(TP)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
PhP.100,000.00
93,097.00
85,641.76
77,590.10
68,894.30
59,502.84
49,360.06
38,405.86
26,575.32
13,798.34
PhP. 8,000.00
7,447.76
6,851.34
6,207.20
5,511.54
4,760.22
3,948.80
3,073.46
2,126.02
1,103.86
PhP. 6,903.00
7,455.24
8,051.66
8,695.80
9,391.46
10,142.78
10,954.20
11,830.54
12,776.98
13,798.34
PhP. 14,903
14,903
14,903
14,903
14,903
14,903
14,903
14,903
14,903
14,903
Private Financial Institution (Private commercial Bank)

20. EqualPrincipalPayments
EqualAmortization
Balloon
Payment
DeferredPaymentof
PrincipalwithGracePeriod
Original Principal: 100,000
Lone Term: 10 Yrs.
Annual Interest rate: 8%
-Loan is repaid in equal
installments for a
number of years, then,
a large and final
payment is made at
maturity date.
Years Outstanding
Principal at the
beginning of
year(P)
(P-RP)
Interest due at end
of year(I)
(P*8%)
Repayment of
principal at end
of year (RP)
Total Payment at end
of year(TP)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
PhP.100,000.00
94,000.00
87,520.00
80,521.60
72,693.32
64,800.38
55,984.41
46,463.16
36,180.21
25,074.62
PhP. 8,000.00
7,520.00
7,001.60
6,441.72
5,837.06
5,184.03
4,478.75
3,717.05
2,894.41
2,005.96
PhP. 6,000.00
6,480.00
6,998.40
7,558.28
8,162.94
8,815.97
9,521.25
10,282.95
11,105.59
25,074.62
PhP. 14,000
14,000
14,000
14,000
14,000
14,000
14,000
14,000
14,000
27,080.58
Private Financial Institution (Private commercial Bank)

21. EqualPrincipalPayments
EqualAmortization
BalloonPayment
DeferredPaymentof
PrincipalwithGrace
Period
Original Principal: 100,000
Lone Term: 10 Yrs.
Annual Interest rate: 8%
-The payment of
principal under this
program is deferred,
although payments on
interest are made.
Years Outstanding
Principal at the
beginning of
year(P)
(P-RP)
Interest due at end
of year(I)
(P*8%)
Repayment of
principal at end
of year (RP)
Total Payment at end
of year(TP)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
PhP.100,000.00
100,000.00
100,000.00
100,000.00
88,792.80
76,689.02
63,616.94
49,499.09
34,251.81
17,784.75
PhP. 8,000.00
8,000.00
8,000.00
8,000.00
7,103.42
6,135.12
5,089.35
3,959.92
2,740.14
1,422.78
PhP. -
-
-
11,207.20
12,103.78
13,072.08
14,119.85
15,247.28
16,467.06
17,784.75
PhP. 8,000.00
8,000.00
8,000.00
19,207.20
19,207.20
19,207.20
19,207.20
19,207.20
19,207.20
19,207.53
Private Financial Institution (Private commercial Bank)

22. Private Financial Institution (Insurance Company)
Term lending by Insurance Company
- Insurance companies are
important sources of term
loans. The premiums
generated constitute
advances to the insurance
companies for periods
varying from six months to
five years.

23. Private Financial Institution (Finance Companies)
Term lending by Finance Companies
Finance companies has
developed special instalment
financing plans for firms
acquiring machinery and
equipment
-

24. Private Financial Institution (Finance Companies)
Fund which may be derived from such borrowings
may be used for the following purpose:
1. As additional working capital;
2. For the purchase of machinery;
3. For the construction of additional plant and
equipment;
4. For the retirement of maturing securities;
5. For buying out partners or stockholders; and
6. For the purchase of other companies

25. The Government
Government financial institutions have
become regular sources of intermediate
loans. Among them are the Land Bank
of the Philippines, the Development
Bank of the Philippines, the Social
Security System, the Government
Service Insurance System, and some
other.

26. Corporate Finance
Ross  Westerfield  Jaffe Sixth Edition
Intermediate Sources of
Capital
http://waysoftraffic.blogspot.com/2011/08/9-important-features-of-
intermediate.html
Medina, Roberto G. Business Finance, Second Edition. Sampaloc, Manila: Recto
Avenue, 2007
http://slidegur.com/doc/1756905/powerpoint-presentations-chapter-12
http://www.slideshare.net/nufc11/sources-of-finance-12116188
Thank You!