Artigo

1. Journal of Human Kinetics volume 41/2014, 191-202 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2014-0047 191
Section III – Sports Training
1 - Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, PORTUGAL.
2 - Centre of Research and Studies in Soccer - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG - BRAZIL.
Authors submitted their contribution of the article to the editorial board.
Accepted for printing in Journal of Human Kinetics vol. 41/2014 on June 2014.
Comparing Tactical Behaviour of Soccer Players in 3 vs. 3 and 6
vs. 6 Small-Sided Games
by
Bernardo Silva1, Júlio Garganta1, Rodrigo Santos2, Israel Teoldo2
The present study aimed to compare players' tactical behaviour in 3 vs. 3 and 6 vs. 6 soccer small-sided games
(SSGs). The sample comprised 3,482 tactical actions performed by 18 U-11 youth soccer players from a Portuguese
club, in 3 vs. 3 and 6 vs. 6 SSGs. All participants played eight minutes in both situations and field size was adapted
according to the number of players involved (30 m x 19.5 m for 3 vs. 3 and 60 m x 39 m for 6 vs. 6). The System of
Tactical Assessment in Soccer (FUT-SAT) was used for data collection and analyses. Descriptive analysis was
conducted to verify frequencies and percentages of the variables assessed. The chi-squared (χ2) test was performed to
compare the frequencies of the variables between 3 vs. 3 and 6 vs. 6 SSGs and Standardized Residuals (e) were used to
examine the influence of the frequency of one or more variables within 3 vs. 3 and 6 vs. 6 SSGs. Data treatment was
performed through SPSS for Windows®, version 18.0. Results indicated that players displayed safer behaviours in 6 vs.
6 SSG and more aggressive behaviours in 3 vs. 3 SSG. Findings can aid coaches and teachers to develop different
players' tactical skills according to the chosen SSG (3 vs. 3 or 6 vs. 6) form.
Key words: Soccer, tactical assessment, tactical behaviour, small-sided games.
Introduction
The study of team sports through the observation
of behaviour patterns of players and teams is not
recent, having occurred alongside with the
constraints of expertise (Garganta, 2001). In
soccer, as well as in other team sports, tactical
behaviour can be defined as the sequences of
actions performed by players aiming to deal, by
the most appropriate means, with match
situations, considering the constraints of time,
space and task (Boulogne, 1972). Accordingly, the
analysis of tactical behaviour should not be solely
based on a particular action performed in
isolation, but rather on general tactical patterns,
which comprise all the typical characteristics of
such isolated actions performed by all players
within a team (Mahlo, 1969).
In this respect, tactical behaviour analyses
in soccer have been conducted in recent years
with the purpose of verifying to what extent this
variable could be affected by other elements
(Sampaio and Maçãs, 2012). Some researchers
aimed to examine the association between tactical
behaviour and contextual variables (i.e. match
location, positional demands, match status and
substitutions) or psychological features (i.e.
motivation), and verified that players’ behaviour
is likely to be influenced by these constraints to
some point (Lago-Peñas, 2009; Myers, 2012;
Shafizadeh and Gray, 2011; Taylor et al., 2004;
Taylor et al., 2008). Other authors addressed the
subject from the perspective of the impact that
relative age effect (RAE) and changes in playing
area might exert, with the role of RAE proving to
be rather ineffective, while the increase or
decrease of field size demonstrated that tactical
behaviour patterns might undergo modifications
according to spatial constraints (Dellal et al.,
2011a; Teoldo et al., 2010b). While all the above-

2. 192 Tactical behaviour in 3 vs. 3 and 6 vs. 6 small-sided games
Journal of Human Kinetics volume 41/2014 http://www.johk.pl
mentioned studies have been conducted in order
to enhance general knowledge of tactical
behaviour, there seems to be a lack of further
research in this topic from the perspective of
small-sided games (SSGs) and the variations in
their structure, specially those regarding the
number of players (Aguiar et al., 2012).
Youth soccer players have the need to
foster numerous motor abilities as well as
technical and tactical skills in order to attain
higher levels of performance. Such development
is dependent on exercise intensity and also on
activities that enable players to communicate with
each other and experience appropriate time in
contact with the ball (Reilly, 2005; Silva et al.,
2011). In order to attain all these goals, coaches
rely on the use of small-sided games (SSGs)
within the training process, since these structures
seem to involve the necessary constraints to
provide players with sufficient stimuli for the
improvement of their performances (Almeida et
al., 2013; Casamichana et al., 2012). Apparently,
only a limited number of research has focused on
the effects of modifications in SSGs over players’
tactical behaviour and more investigation appears
to be necessary to enhance the current knowledge
over this subject (Teoldo et al., 2010a; Teoldo et
al., 2010b).
Therefore, the aim of this study was to
compare players' tactical behaviour in 3 vs. 3 and
6 vs. 6 soccer small-sided games (SSGs)..
Material and Methods
Sample and Participants
The sample comprised 3,482 tactical
actions performed by 18 U-11 youth soccer
players from a Portuguese club, in 3 vs. 3 and 6
vs. 6 small-sided games (SSGs). Players
performed 1,787 actions in the 3 vs. 3 situation
and 1,695 in 6 vs. 6. The actions in which players
performed throw-ins, free kicks, corner-kicks, as
well as those, in which they did not perform any
tactical actions, were not considered for
assessment.
The club signed a Statement of
Authorization, allowing researchers to test the
players of the corresponding academy level as
well as to utilize its facilities for the conduction of
the tests. Parents or guardians signed a written
informed consent form, authorizing players to
take part in the research.
This research had the approval of the
Ethics Committee from the University of Porto,
Portugal (CEFADE 15/2013) and meets the
standards of the Declaration of Helsinki for
research with human beings (1996).
Procedures
Data were collected with the permission
of club’s representatives. Players were informed
about the objectives of the research and also about
the purposes of the tests they were about to
perform. Players did not attend training sessions
on test days to avoid physical and cognitive
strain, which could affect their performance
during the tests. All participants played during
eight minutes in both situations (3 vs. 3 and 6 vs.
6). Playing area was adapted according to the
number of players involved, and in the 3 vs. 3
field size was 30 m long and 19.5 m wide, while in
the 6 vs. 6 it was 60 m long and 39 m wide. In the
3 vs. 3, players were distributed in teams of three
players plus a goalkeeper (GK+3 vs. 3+GK), while
in the 6 vs. 6 the distribution consisted of six
players for each team plus a goalkeeper (GK+6 vs.
6+GK). Actions performed by goalkeepers were
not assessed or considered for analysis. Prior to
the start of each test session, players were
informed about the objectives of such tests and
were given 30 seconds in order to familiarize with
test procedures. All players wore numbered vests
in order to be easily identified during video
analysis.
Instrument
We used the System of Tactical
Assessment in Soccer (FUT-SAT) (Teoldo et al.,
2011a; Teoldo et al., 2010b), which enables the
assessment of tactical actions performed by
players with and without ball possession. Such
assessment is based on ten core tactical principles
of soccer with five offensive principles - (i)
Penetration; (ii) Offensive Coverage; (iii) Width
and Length; (iv) Depth Mobility; (v) Offensive
Unity - and five defensive principles - (vi) Delay;
(vii) Defensive Coverage; (viii) Balance; (ix)
Concentration; (x) Defensive Unity (Teoldo et al.,
2009; Worthington, 1974). FUT-SAT comprises
two Macro-Categories, seven categories and 76
variables that are organized according to the type
of information dealt with by the system (Chart 1).
The Macro-Category "Observation" involves three
categories and 24 variables: the category "Tactical

3. by Silva B. et al. 193
© Editorial Committee of Journal of Human Kinetics
Principles" includes ten variables; the category
"Place of Action on the Playing Field"
encompasses four variables; and the category
"Action Outcomes" contains ten variables.
Material
To record field tests, a digital video
camera was used (Panasonic® NV-DS35EG).
Video footage was introduced in digital format on
a laptop (Positivo® Mobile Z65, Intel® Celeron®
540 Processor) via a USB cable and converted to
.avi video format. Video processing and analysis
were performed through Soccer Analyser®
(Picture 1) software. This software was developed
for use with FUT-SAT and enables the insertion of
spatial references (Figure 1) and also the accurate
verification of position and movement of the
players, as well as the analysis and categorization
of the actions that are to be assessed.
Statistical Analysis
We performed descriptive analysis
(frequency and percentage) for the variables
within the categories "Tactical Principles", "Place
of Action on the Playing Field", and "Action
Outcome". Pearson chi-squared test (χ2) was
conducted to compare the frequency of tactical
actions performed by players in both 3 vs. 3 and 6
vs. 6 situations and significance level was set at
p<0.05 (O'Donoghue, 2012). For a standardized
measure of the extent of the observed effect (Field,
2013), effect sizes (ω) exerted by the variables over
the model were obtained through the utilization
of the following equation (Cohen, 1992):
For analysis of effect sizes, we considered
the classification proposed by Cohen (1992), who
defines their values as small (ω=0.1 or 1% of total
variance), medium (ω=0.3 or 9% of total variance)
and large (ω=0.5 or 25% of total variance).
Standardized residuals (e) were used to
determine which variable(s) in each category
contributed most to the value of χ2, within both
situations (Agresti and Finlay, 2008; Teoldo et al.,
2012). Values of standardized residuals were
calculated through the utilization of the following
equation (Haberman, 1973):
Cells which contained values of
standardized residual that were higher than 2
(e>2), were considered influent for the model
(Field, 2013).
For statistical procedures we utilized the
software SPSS (Statistical Package for Social
Sciences) for Windows® version 18.0.
Reliability Analysis
We performed test-retest reliability for the
observations, respecting a 20-day interval for
reanalysis, thus avoiding task familiarity issues
(Robinson and O'Donoghue, 2007). For calculation
of reliability, the Cohen’s Kappa test was used.
Analyses were verified through the reassessment
of 417 tactical actions, or 12% of the overall
sample, a value which is greater than the
percentage (10%) suggested by literature
(Tabachnick and Fidell, 2012). Intra- and inter-
observer reliabilities displayed Kappa values of
0.86 (SE=0.032) and 0.84 (SE=0.007), respectively.
These values are classified as "Almost Perfect"
(0.81 - 1.00) by literature (Landis and Koch, 1977).
Results
Tactical Principles
In this category, within the offensive
phase, it is possible to observe (Table 1) that the
principles of "Penetration" (χ2=5.48; p=0.19) and
"Depth Mobility" (χ2=20.18; p<0.001) were
significantly more frequent in the 3 vs. 3
compared to the 6 vs. 6, while "Offensive Unity"
(χ2=11.32; p=0.001) occurred significantly more
times in the 6 vs. 6 than in the 3 vs. 3. During the
defensive phase, the principles of "Delay"
(χ2=10.62; p=0.001) and "Defensive Unity"
(χ2=24.12; p<0.001) occurred more times in the 3
vs. 3 situation than in the 6 vs. 6. Conversely,
"Defensive Coverage" (χ2=19.21; p<0.001) and
"Balance" (χ2=12.21; p<0.001) were more frequently
performed in the 6 vs. 6 in comparison with
3 vs. 3.
According to Table 2, values of standardized
residuals demonstrated that in the 3 vs. 3 situation
during the offensive phase, the actions regarding
the tactical principle of "Width and Length"
(e=15.33) were significantly more frequent than
actions related to other tactical principles, while in
the 6 vs. 6, "Offensive Coverage" (e=2.69) and
"Width and Length" (e=16.47) presented
significantly higher values of standardized
residuals than other offensive principles (Figures
3 and 4).

4. 194 Tactical behaviour in 3 vs. 3 and 6 vs. 6 small-sided games
Journal of Human Kinetics volume 41/2014 http://www.johk.pl
Chart 1
Definitions, categories and sub-categories of variables assessed by FUT-SAT
Categories Sub-Categories Variables Definitions
Tactical
Principles
Offensive
Penetration Movement of player with the ball towards the goal line.
Offensive Coverage Offensive supports to the player with the ball.
Depth Mobility
Movement of players between the last defender and goal
line.
Width and Length
Movement of players to extend and use the effective play-
space.
Offensive Unity
Movement of the last line of defenders towards the
offensive midfield, in order to support offensive actions of
the teammates.
Defensive
Delay
Actions to slow down the opponent's attempt to move
forward with the ball.
Defensive Coverage
Positioning of off-ball defenders behind the “delay” player,
providing defensive support.
Balance
Positioning of off-ball defenders in reaction to movements
of attackers, trying to achieve the numerical stability or
superiority in the opposition relationship.
Concentration
Positioning of off-ball defenders to occupy vital spaces and
protect the scoring area.
Defensive Unity
Positioning of off-ball defenders to reduce the effective
play-space of the opponents.
Place of Action
Offensive
Midfield
Offensive Actions Offensive actions performed in the offensive midfield.
Defensive Actions Defensive actions performed in the offensive midfield.
Defensive
Midfield
Offensive Actions Offensive actions performed in the defensive midfield.
Defensive Actions Defensive actions performed in the defensive midfield.
Action
Outcome
Offensive
Shoot at goal
When a player shoots at goal, and (a) scores a goal, (b) the
goalkeeper makes a save, (c) the ball touches one of the
goalposts or the crossbar.
Keep possession of the
ball
When team players execute passes to each other and keep
up with the ball.
Earn a foul, win a corner
or throw-in
When the match is stopped due to a foul, corner or throw-
in; the team that was attacking KEEPS possession of the ball.
Commit a foul, give away
a corner or throw in
When the match is stopped due to a foul, corner or throw-
in; the possession of the ball CHANGES to the team that
was in defence.
Loss of ball possession When the attacking team loses the ball possession.
Defensive
Regain the ball possession When the defensive players regain the ball possession.
Earn a foul, win a corner
or throw-in
When the match is stopped due to a foul, corner or throw-in
and the possession of the ball CHANGES to the team that
was in defence.
Commit a foul, give away
a corner or throw in
When the match is stopped due to a foul, corner or throw-
in; the team that was attacking KEEPS possession of the ball.
Ball possession of the
opponent
When the defensive players do not regain the ball
possession.
Take a shot at own goal
When the defensive team takes a shot at their own goal, and
(a) takes a goal, (b) the goalkeeper makes a save, (c) the ball
touches one of the goalposts or the crossbar.

5. by Silva B. et al. 195
© Editorial Committee of Journal of Human Kinetics
Picture 1
Soccer Analyser® software and spatial references incorporated to test video
Figure 1
Spatial references used in FUT-SAT's field test (Teoldo et al., 2011a)

6. 196 Tactical behaviour in 3 vs. 3 and 6 vs. 6 small-sided games
Journal of Human Kinetics volume 41/2014 http://www.johk.pl
Table 1
Frequencies, chi-squared (χ2) and effect size (ω) values of tactical actions in 3 vs. 3 and 6 vs. 6 SSGs.
Categories and variables
3 vs. 3 6 vs. 6
χ2 p ωN N
TACTICAL PRINCIPLES
Offensive
Penetration 80 (4.48%) 53 (3.13%) 5.48 0.019* 0.203
Offensive Coverage 190 (10.63%) 208 (12.27%) 0.81 0.367 0.045
Width and Length 369 (20.65%) 389 (22.95%) 0.52 0.468 0.026
Depth Mobility 93 (5.20%) 41 (2.42%) 20.18 <0.001* 0.388
Offensive Unity 115 (6.44%) 172 (10.15%) 11.32 0.001* 0.199
Defensive
Delay 164 (9.18%) 110 (6.49%) 10.62 0.001* 0.197
Defensive Coverage 38 (2.13%) 87 (5.13%) 19.21 <0.001* 0.392
Balance 81 (4.53%) 132 (7.79%) 12.21 <0.001* 0.239
Concentration 168 (9.40%) 156 (9.20%) 0.44 0.505 0.036
Defensive Unity 489 (27.36%) 347 (20.47%) 24.12 <0.001* 0.170
PLACE OF ACTION
ON THE PLAYING FIELD
Offensive
Offensive Midfield 333 (18.63%) 304 (17.94%) 1.32 0.251 0.045
Defensive Midfield 514 (28.76%) 559 (32.98%) 1.87 0.170 0.041
Defensive
Offensive Midfield 466 (26.08%) 345 (20.35%) 18.05 <0.001* 0.149
Defensive Midfield 474 (26.53%) 487 (28.73%) 0.17 0.675 0.013
ACTION OUTCOME
Offensive
Shoot at goal 106 (5.93%) 38 (2.24%) 32.11 <0.001* 0.472
Keep possession of the ball 340 (19.03%) 429 (25.31%) 10.30 0.001* 0.116
Earn a foul, win a corner or throw-in 217 (12.14%) 171 (10.09%) 5.45 0.020* 0.119
Commit a foul, give away
a corner or throw-in 76 (4.25%) 24 (1.42%)
27.04 <0.001*
0.520
Loss of ball possession 108 (6.04%) 201 (11.86%) 27.99 <0.001* 0.301
Defensive
Regain ball possession 117 (6.55%) 132 (7.79%) 0.90 0.342 0.060
Earn a foul, win a corner or throw-in 84 (4.70%) 42 (2.48%) 14.00 <0.001* 0.333
Commit a foul, give away a corner or throw-
in 249 (13.94%) 96 (5.66%)
67.85 <0.001*
0.443
Ball possession of the opponent 378 (21.15%) 455 (26.84%) 7.12 0.008* 0.092
Take a shot at own goal 112 (6.27%) 107 (6.31%) 0.11 0.735 0.022
Total 1,787 1,695
*p<0.05 (Significant difference between 3 vs. 3 and 6 vs. 6 SSGs)

7. by Silva B. et al. 197
© Editorial Committee of Journal of Human Kinetics
Table 2
Standardized residuals (e) of tactical actions in 3 vs. 3 and 6 vs. 6 small-sided games (SSGs).
Categories and variables
Standardized Residuals (e)
3 vs. 3 6 vs. 6
TACTICAL PRINCIPLES
Offensive
Penetration -6.86 -9.10
Offensive Coverage 1.58 2.69*
Width and Length 15.33* 16.47*
Depth Mobility -5.87 -10.01
Offensive Unity -4.18 -0.04
Defensive
Delay -1.75 -4.37
Defensive Coverage -10.94 -6.15
Balance -7.80 -2.66
Concentration -1.45 -0.80
Defensive Unity 21.95* 14.00*
PLACE OF ACTION ON THE PLAYING FIELD
Offensive
Offensive Midfield -4.39 -6.13
Defensive Midfield 4.39* 6.13*
Defensive
Offensive Midfield -0.18 -3.48
Defensive Midfield 0.18 3.48*
ACTION OUTCOME
Offensive
Shoot at goal -4.87 -10.24
Keep possession of the ball 13.10* 19.51*
Earn a foul, win a corner or throw-in 3.65* -0.12
Commit a foul, give away a corner or throw-in -7.17 -11.31
Loss of ball possession -4.71 2.16*
Defensive
Regain ball possession -5.17 -2.66
Earn a foul, win a corner or throw-in -7.58 -9.64
Commit a foul, give away a corner or throw-in 4.44* -5.45
Ball possession of the opponent 13.85* 22.37*
Take a shot at own goal -5.54 -4.60
*Significant standardized residuals (e>2)

8. 198 Tactical behaviour in 3 vs. 3 and 6 vs. 6 small-sided games
Journal of Human Kinetics volume 41/2014 http://www.johk.pl
Figure 2
Graphical representation of standardized residuals of variables of 3 vs. 3 SSGs
Figure 3
Graphical representation of standardized residuals of variables of 6 vs. 6 SSGs

9. by Silva B. et al. 199
© Editorial Committee of Journal of Human Kinetics
In the defensive phase, "Defensive Unity"
displayed higher values of standardized residuals
among all tactical principles, in the 3 vs. 3
(e=21.95) and 6 vs. 6 (e=14.00).
Place of Action on the Playing Field
According to Table 1, defensive actions
performed in Offensive Midfield (χ2=18.05;
p<0.001) were significantly more frequent in the 3
vs. 3 than in the 6 vs. 6.
Also, offensive actions performed in
"Defensive Midfield" presented significantly
higher frequency in the 3 vs. 3 (e=4.39) and 6 vs. 6
(e=6.13), in comparison with those performed in
"Offensive Midfield" (Table 2). On the other hand,
defensive actions performed in "Defensive
Midfield" presented a significant standardized
residual only in the 6 vs. 6 (e=3.48), while in the 3
vs. 3 residuals were not statistically significant
(e=±0.18).
Action Outcome
According to Table 1, in the offensive
phase, the variables "Shoot at goal" (χ2=32.11;
p<0.001), "Earn a foul, win a corner or throw-in"
(χ2=5.45; p=0.020) and "Commit a foul, give away a
corner or throw-in" (χ2=27.04; p<0.001) presented
significantly higher occurrence in the 3 vs. 3 in
comparison with the 6 vs. 6. On the other hand,
the 6 vs. 6 situation presented higher frequency
values for the variables "Keep possession of the
ball" (χ2=10.30; p=0.001) and "Loss of ball
possession" (χ2=27.99; p<0.001). During the
defensive phase, "Earn a foul, win a corner or
throw-in" (χ2=14.00; p<0.001) and "Commit a foul,
give away a corner or throw-in" (χ2=67.85;
p<0.001) proved to occur more frequently in the 3
vs. 3, while frequency values for "Ball possession
of the opponent" (χ2=7.12; p=0.008) were
significantly higher in the 6 vs. 6 situation. In
particular, the outcome "Commit a foul, give
away a corner or throw-in" within the offensive
phase, was the only variable among all, including
those from other categories, that displayed effect
size value that can be classified as "large"
(ω=0.520).
In the 3 vs. 3 situation, "Keep possession
of the ball" (e=13.10) and "Earn a foul, win a
corner or throw-in" (e=3.65) were significantly
more frequent than other variables within the
offensive phase (Table 2). In the 6 vs. 6, "Keep
possession of the ball" (e=19.51) and "Loss of ball
possession" (e=2.16) displayed significantly higher
values of standardized residuals than the
remainder of the outcomes during the offensive
phase. In the defensive phase, "Commit a foul,
give away a corner or throw-in" (e=4.44) and "Ball
possession of the opponent" (e=13.85) were the
most frequent outcomes in 3 vs. 3 SSGs. In the 6
vs. 6, only "Ball possession of the opponent"
(e=22.37) presented a significant value of
standardized residual among all variables in this
phase of the game.
Discussion
This study aimed to compare players'
tactical behaviour in 3 vs. 3 and 6 vs. 6 soccer
small-sided games (SSGs).
Findings imply that, concerning the
performance of offensive tactical principles,
actions of Penetration and Depth Mobility were
significantly more frequent in the 3 vs. 3 than in
the 6 vs. 6 SSGs. These results allow us to assume
that when fewer players are engaged in the game,
more actions involving the rupture of defensive
lines and 1 vs. 1 duels are expected. This inference
is in accordance with current research that
revealed a significantly higher distance covered in
sprinting and also a higher number of duels in 4
vs. 4 SSGs in comparison with 11-a-side match
play (Dellal et al., 2012). Conversely, 6 vs. 6 SSGs
displayed a significantly higher frequency of
actions of Offensive Unity than the 3 vs. 3. Such
finding suggests that in the 6 vs. 6 SSGs during
the offensive phase, players show a higher
tendency to position themselves far from the
centre of play compared to the 3 vs. 3, probably
due to the increase of field size and of the number
of players available to receive the ball closer to the
centre of play.
In the defensive phase, actions of Delay
and Defensive Unity were significantly more
frequent in the 3 vs. 3 than in 6 vs. 6 SSGs, while
the 6 vs. 6 displayed a higher occurrence of
Defensive Coverage and Balance in comparison
with the 3 vs. 3. These data might suggest that in
the 3 vs. 3, players opted for either a direct duel
with the opponent in possession, trying a faster
recovery of the ball, or to maintain a safer
defensive approach by positioning themselves far
away from the centre of play, thus reducing game
pace and providing the team with more time to
regroup. Inversely, in the 6 vs. 6 players chose a

10. 200 Tactical behaviour in 3 vs. 3 and 6 vs. 6 small-sided games
Journal of Human Kinetics volume 41/2014 http://www.johk.pl
safer behaviour in defense, especially considering
the actions of Balance, that indicate that 6 vs. 6
SSGs enable players to stay closer to the centre of
play and at the same time to safeguard their own
defensive midfield by having more time for
decision-making, due to increased field
dimensions, that probably forced opponents to
cover greater distances in attack (Little and
Williams, 2007).
Considering the location on the field
where tactical actions took place, results
demonstrated that defensive actions in the
offensive midfield occurred significantly more
often in the 3 vs. 3 than in 6 vs. 6 SSGs, implying
that in 3 vs. 3 players appear to have a more
aggressive approach when not in possession, by
performing actions that aim at the recovery of the
ball in the opponent's half (Silva et al., 2011). This
behaviour can be possibly related to the reduced
field size, which might have helped the defensive
team in limiting the space and time available for
the opponent to progress with the ball, thus
promoting more changes of ball possession
among opposite players in their own defensive
midfield (Teoldo et al., 2011b).
Taking into account the outcomes of the
tactical actions assessed, the most significant
results in the offensive phase concern the
variables “Shoot at goal” (ω=0.472) and “Commit
a foul, give away a corner or throw-in” (ω=0.520),
that displayed significantly higher frequency
values in the 3 vs. 3 compared to 6 vs. 6 SSGs.
This indicates that when players are in possession,
actions are more likely to end in a goal attempt or
in loss of ball possession through a foul, corner-
kick or throw-in, thus providing the opponent
with the opportunity to restart the game through
a set play. Equally, in defensive phase, 3 vs. 3
SSGs displayed a higher frequency of the variable
“Commit a foul, give away a corner or throw-in”
(ω=0.443) and “Earn a foul, win a corner or throw-
in” (ω=0.333), what implies that defensive
sequences also tend to end up in fouls, corners or
throw-ins. Such results allow us to infer that when
space is limited (as in 3 vs. 3 SSGs), the game
requires players to act more quickly, due to the
constraints related to the limited playing area.
Therefore, in the offensive phase, whenever
actions did not end in a goal attempt, teams which
performed such actions and lost possession
subsequently, possibly played more assertive
defensive styles, that involve trying to recover the
ball as quickly as possible, what might have
caused more fouls, due to this more aggressive
approach (Dellal et al., 2012).
Regarding players’ behaviours within
each of the situations (3 vs. 3 and 6 vs. 6 SSGs), the
main differences between them are related to the
categories "Place of Action on the Playing Field"
and "Action Outcome". Within the category "Place
of Action on the Playing Field", defensive tactical
actions performed in the defensive and in the
offensive midfield did not reveal any significant
difference in the 3 vs. 3 situation. Conversely,
defensive actions performed in the defensive
midfield were significantly more frequent (e=3.48)
than defensive actions performed in the offensive
midfield (e=-3.48), what suggests that when more
players are involved and field size is larger (as in
6 vs. 6 SSGs), players tend to opt for defensive
behaviours that involve marking the opposing
team in their own defensive half, thus revealing
certain insecurity in marking higher on the field
and providing the opposition with space behind
the defensive line. The category "Action Outcome"
also exhibited substantial results, as the variable
"Commit a foul, give away a corner or throw-in"
proved to be significantly more frequent than the
other variables within the same category only in
the 3 vs. 3 SSGs (e=4.44). This finding suggests
that challenges for the ball are probably more
common in the 3 vs. 3 than in 6 vs. 6 SSGs and
corroborates other results within this study that
indicate that players often chose a more
aggressive approach in the 3 vs. 3 and a safer one
in the 6 vs. 6 SSGs (Silva et al., 2011). Therefore,
with respect to this inference, it is reasonable to
assume that in the processes of teaching, learning
and training, coaches should consider increasing
the number of players of SSGs gradually,
respecting the time players seem to take to adapt
to situations involving a larger playing area and
more participants than they are familiarized with
(Jones and Drust, 2007).
Findings within this study can aid
coaches and/or teachers in the sense that the
utilization of either SSGs (3 vs. 3 and 6 vs. 6)
depends on the purpose of each training session
(Köklü, 2012). From the physical/physiological
perspective, SSGs with fewer players (as 3 vs. 3)
and smaller area size would indicate a
predominance of anaerobic metabolism during

11. by Silva B. et al. 201
© Editorial Committee of Journal of Human Kinetics
training sessions, and enable the coverage of
longer distances while sprinting and high
intensity running compared to small-sided drills
that include a higher number of players and
larger area size, as 6 vs. 6 games. In contrast, SSGs
with a higher number of players provide a more
aerobic-related activity (less intense), promoting
faster utilization of lactate (Dellal et al., 2012). In
technical/tactical terms, the 3 vs. 3 SSGs would
enable more 1 vs. 1 challenges and, due to a
limited playing area, less time for decision-
making, being also more demanding with respect
to cognitive skills (Dellal et al., 2011b).
Conclusions and practical implications
Previous research regarding soccer small-
sided games has not compared tactical behaviour
in different arrangements. Overall, considering
the results and the interpretations within this
study, it was possible to verify that players
behaved more aggressively in the 3 vs. 3 and
more safely in the 6 vs. 6 SSGs, possibly due to the
limitations in the available space proper of the 3
vs. 3 configuration. Thus, space management was
apparently better in 3 vs. 3 SSGs, probably due to
the lower complexity of this arrangement, which
involves fewer interactions between the player,
his teammates and opponents. These findings can
help coaches in better selecting the type of SSG
drills according to the purpose of the training
session, with respect to players' tactical
development. Future research should consider
different youth levels, in order to ascertain
whether such behaviours are similar in players of
different ages and sports level.
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Corresponding author:
Rodrigo de Miranda Monteiro Santos.
Centre of Research and Studies in Soccer. Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de
Viçosa. Av. P.H. Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário.
36570-000, Viçosa, Brazil.
Phone: +55 (31) 3899-2251