Fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas are non-renewable energy sources that are being depleted rapidly. Their combustion produces air pollutants like acid rain. Coal combustion also generates coal ash that can be recycled for uses like road construction. India relies heavily on fossil fuels and has limited domestic reserves. There is a need for energy conservation and improving efficiency to reduce costs, environmental impacts and reliance on imports. Conducting energy audits identifies opportunities for savings through evaluating energy use and costs. Benchmarks can also compare performance to targets and best practices.

1. Natural Recourses and
Energy Management
Second module

2. Fossil Fuels
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There are many types of fossil fuels :
Petroleum
Natural gas
Coal
Natural gas contains high percent of carbon
Fossil fuels are known as non renewable resources
of energy as their formation takes millions of years
and reserves are getting depleted at a much
faster rate than new ones are being made.

3. • Combustion of fossil fuels generate sulfuric, carbonic, and
nitric acids, which fall to earth as acid rain , impacting both
the built environment and the natural areas
• Monuments and sculptures are made from marble and
limestone are particularly vulnerable as the acids dissolve
calcium carbonate
• Fossil fuels contains radio active materials unlikely uranium
and thorium which are released into atmosphere
• To ultimately use a fossil , all its different parts must be
utilized, eg : burning coal also generate large amount of
bottom ash and fly ash
• Fly ash is one of the residues generated in the combustion
of coal
• Fly ash is captured form the chimneys of coal fired power
plants , as is one of two types of ash that jointly are known

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Coal ash ; the other bottom ash, is removed from the bottom of
coal furnaces. Fly ash recycling in its descending
frequency, includes usage of the following :
Embankments and structural fill
Road sub base
Water stabilization and solidification
Portland cement and grout
Flow able fill
Aggregate
Raw feed for cement clinkers
Mine reclamation
Stabilization of soft soils
Mineral filler in asphaltic concrete
Other
applications
include
cellular
concrete, geopolymers, roofing tiles, paints, metal castings and
filler in woods and plastic products.

5. Energy Resources
Energy sources can be of various types , namely :
• Solar energy
• Wind energy
• Wave and tidal energy
• Geothermal energy
• Biogas
• Atomic energy
1. Conventional sources
• Water
• Forest as a renewable resource
• Wildlife as a renewable resource
• Livestock as a renewable resource

6. • Aqua culture as a renewable resource
• Energy

7. Renewable sources
• Some of the major problems

8. Need for energy conservation in
India
• The increasing demand for power has led to considerable
fossil fuels burning which
• has in turn had an adverse impact on environment. In this
context, efficient use of energy and its conservation is of
paramount importance.
• It has been estimated that nearly 25,000 MW can be
saved by implementing end-use energy efficiency and
demand side management measures through out India
• The economic development of a country is often closely
linked to its consumption of energy.

9. • India’s proven coal reserves may last for more than 200
years, but the limited known oil and natural gas reserves
may last only 18 years to 26 years, which is a cause of
concern.
• The continued trend of increasing share of petroleum fuels
in the consumption of commercial energy is bound to lead
to more dependence on imports and energy insecurity.
• India’s energy intensity per unit of GDP is higher as
compared to Japan, U.S.A. and Asia by 3.7 times, 1.55
times and 1.47 times respectively
• Energy conservation avoids wasteful use of energy without
much investment. It can be termed as a new source of
energy, which when available, can be readily used without
any further loss or gestation period.,

10. • Increasing energy demand in India is a drain of the national
economy. Besides, it is a major factor hindering the
competitiveness of basic Indian industries in the global
market. Thus, energy conservation is equally important for
the nation and industrial firms.
• Electrical power is one of the scarce resources in our
country. Generation of electricity is very capital intensive. 1
MW of power generation costs approximately Rs. 4 crore
because of the low plant load factor and high transmission
losses prevalent in the country. The installed capacity of
power station has to be therefore, 2.2 times the electrical
load.

11. • Energy saving achieved through energy efficiency and
conservation also avoids capital investment in
fuel, mining, transport, water and land required for power
plant, thereby mitigating environmental pollution.

12. Energy Audit
• In any industry, the three top operating expenditures with
the highest priority are frequently
found to be
energy, labour and materials
• Energy management function comprises a planned domain
for reducing costs.
• Energy audit will enable greater understanding regarding
the methods by which energy and fuel are used in the
industry.
• It will also enable the identification of those areas where
waste is most likely to take place and where there is scope
for improvement
• This is done by giving technically possible solutions with
economic and other organizational considerations within a
prescribed time frame.

13. Contents of energy audit
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Analysis of energy use
Identification of energy projects
Cost benefit analysis
Action plan to set implantation priority

14. Energy Audit : Types and Methodology
• The types of energy audit to be performed are dependent on the
following :
1. Functions and types of industry
2. Depth to which final audit is required and
3. Potential and magnitude of desirable cost reduction
a) Preliminary energy audit methodology
• Establishing energy consumption in the org
• Estimating the scope for saving
• Identifying the most possible and he simplest areas of attention
• Identifying immediate improvement / savings
• Setting a reference point
• Identifying areas for further detailed study / measurement
• Performing initial energy audit using the existing or easily
obtained data

15. b) Detailed energy audit methodology
• A complete audit offers
a detailed energy project
implementation plan for a facility. This is so because it
assesses the entire energy with the help of systems
• This is a kind of audit provides the exact estimation of
energy savings and cost.
• It also includes comprehensive energy cost saving
calculation sand project cost
• In detailed one of the primary factor is the energy balance.
• This is established on a n inventory of energy that uses
systems , assumptions of current operating conditions and
calculations of energy use
• Subsequently comparison of this estimated use is done with
utility bills charge

16. Phases of Energy Auditing
• Phase 1
- pre-audit phase
• Phase 11 - audit phase
• Phase 111 - post audit phase

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Identification of Energy Conservation
Opportunities
Fuel substitution
Energy generation
Energy distribution
Energy usage by process

18. Technical and economic
feasibility
The issues that must be addressed by technical feasibility are
as follows:
• Technology availability , space , skilled manpower,
reliability , service etc
• The effect of energy efficiency measure on safety, quality,
production or process
• The maintenance needs and spares availability

19. Classification of energy conservation
measures
• On the basis of energy audit and analysis of the plant ,
several potential energy saving projects can be identified.
These may categorized into three types:
• Low cost
: high return
• Medium cost : medium return
• High cost
: high return

20. Understanding energy cost
• It is crucial to create awareness and save calculation. In
several industries, there may be no availability of adequate
meters for measuring all the energy consumed. The reasons
for which energy invoices can e used are as follows:
• They supply a record of energy bought in a given year
, which provides a base line for future reference
• Energy invoices can refer to the potential for savings when
associated with production needs or air conditioning
requirements / space heating
• When electricity is bought based on the highest demand
tariff

21. • They can give suggestion of the places where savings are
highly possible to be made
• In subsequent years invoices may be used for quantifying
the energy and cost savings made through every
conservation measures

22. Fuel costs
• A broad range of fuels are available for thermal energy
supply. Few of them are as follows:
• Fuel oil
• Low sulphur heavy stock(LSHS)
• Light diesel oil (LDO)
• Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
• Coal
• Lignite
• Wood etc

23. • Understanding the fuel cost is relatively easy and it is
bought in Tons or Kiloliters. Availability , cost and quality
are the three major factors to consider while purchasing.
• The factors that need to be considered while obtaining fuels
for energy efficiency and economics are as follows:
• Cost at source, transport charge, type of transport
• Quality of fuel (contaminations, moisture etc)
• Energy content (caloric value)
• Power costs

24. Bench marking and energy
performance
• Bench marking of energy consumption internally and
externally are two dominant tools for performance
evaluation and reasonable evolution of opportunities for
improvement
• Proper documentation of historical data enables to draw
energy consumption and cost trends in a month – wise / day
wise manner .
• Trend evaluation of energy consumption, cost, relevant
production features, specific energy consumption , enable in
understanding the effects of potential usage on energy use
efficiency and costs on a wider scale.

25. Bureau of energy
• External benchmarking associates with inter comparison
across a group of same units.
• In any case it will be significant to ensure similarities or
else findings could prove to be extremely misleading
• Certain comparative factors that need to be focused upon
while bench marking externally are as follows:
1. Range of operation
2. Era of technology
3. Raw material specification and quality
4. Product specifications and quality
• Following are permitted by the bench marking energy
performance:

26. • Quantification of fixed and variable energy consumption
manner with respect to production levels
• Assessment of the industry energy performance with regard
to different production levels
• Identification of best practices
• Availability of scope and margin for energy consumption
and cost reduction
• Basis for monitoring and target setting exercises.

27. The bench marking parameters
can be as follows:
• Gross production related , the examples of which are as
follows:
• Kwh/MT clinker or cement produced
• KWH/KG yarn produced (textile unit)
• KWH/MT , kcal /kg ,paper produced (paper plant )