Its a presentation based on friction and a few of its applications.

2. SECTION : C
CLASS : XI
ROLL NUMBER : 21
ADMITION NUMBER : 2002/167
NAME : DIPTANGSU GOSWAMI

3. FRICTION: INTRODUCTION  “Friction is a Force that
always pushes against an
object when it touches
another object”
 “When 2 things are in
contact with each other,
there will be friction
acting between them”
Friction is the force resisting
the relative motion of solid
surfaces, fluid layers, and
material elements sliding
against each other.
The classic rules of sliding
friction was discovered
by Leonardo da Vinci.

4. Friction due to the Surface
m
N=mg
mg
F
Ffriction

5. m
N=mg
mg
Sliding Friction
2N
2N

6. m
N=mg
mg
Sliding Friction
3N
3N

7. m
N=mg
mg
Sliding Friction
4N
4N

8. m
N=mg
mg
Sliding Friction
5N
4N

9. m
Sliding Friction
2N
2N

10. m
Sliding Friction
3N
3N

11. m
Sliding Friction
4N
4N

12. m
Sliding Friction
5N
4N

13. m
Sliding Friction
5N
4N
It is seen that when the force is gradually increased, the
friction also increases, this is called static friction. But it does
so only to an extent, this is called the limiting friction. When
the body is in motion the frictional force acting against it is
called the kinetic friction. The kinetic friction is less than the
limiting friction. This proves that friction is a self adjusting
force till a limit.

14. Friction opposes Motion
Force on person
by box
Force on floor by box Force on box by floor
Force on box
by person←Acceleration

15. •Dry friction resists relative lateral motion of two solid surfaces in contact. Dry
friction is subdivided into static friction between non-moving surfaces, and kinetic
friction between moving surfaces.
•Fluid friction describes the friction between layers within a viscous fluid that are
moving relative to each other.
•Lubricated friction is a case of fluid friction where a fluid separates two solid
surfaces.
•Skin friction is a component of drag, the force resisting the motion of a solid body
through a fluid.
•Internal friction is the force resisting motion between the elements making up a
solid material while it undergoes deformation.
There are several types of frictions:

16. When surfaces in contact move relative to each
other, the friction between the two surfaces
converts kinetic energy into heat. This property
can have dramatic consequences, as illustrated
by the use of friction created by rubbing pieces of
wood together to start a fire. Kinetic energy is
converted to heat whenever motion with friction
occurs, for example when a viscous fluid is
stirred. Another important consequence of many
types of friction can be wear, which may lead to
performance degradation and/or damage to
components.
Friction is not itself a fundamental force but arises from
fundamental electromagnetic forces between the charged particles constituting
the two contacting surfaces. The complexity of these interactions makes the
calculation of friction from first principles impossible and necessitates the use
of empirical methods for analysis and the development of theory.

17. Dry friction
Dry friction resists relative lateral motion of two solid surfaces in contact.
The two regimes of dry friction are 'static friction' ("stiction") between non-
moving surfaces, and kinetic friction (sometimes called sliding friction or
dynamic friction) between moving surfaces.
Coulomb friction, named after Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, is an
approximate model used to calculate the force of dry friction. It is governed
by the equation:
Where,
Ff is the force of friction exerted by each surface on the
other. It is parallel to the surface, in a direction opposite to
the net applied force,
μ is the coefficient of friction, which is an empirical
property of the contacting materials,
Fn is the normal force exerted by each surface on the
other, directed perpendicular (normal) to the surface.

18. The normal force is defined as the net force compressing
two parallel surfaces together; and its direction is
perpendicular to the surfaces. In the simple case of a mass
resting on a horizontal surface, the only component of the
normal force is the force due to gravity, where .
In this case, the magnitude of the friction force is the product
of the mass of the object, the acceleration due to gravity, and
the coefficient of friction. However, the coefficient of friction is
not a function of mass or volume; it depends only on the
material. For instance, a large aluminum block has the same
coefficient of friction as a small aluminum block. However,
the magnitude of the friction force itself depends on the
normal force, and hence on the mass of the block.
mg
Friction
N
θ

19. Coefficient of friction
The coefficient of friction (COF), often symbolized by the
Greek letter µ, is a dimensionless scalar value which describes
the ratio of the force of friction between two bodies and the
force pressing them together. The coefficient of friction
depends on the materials used; for example, ice on steel has a
low coefficient of friction, while rubber on pavement has a
high coefficient of friction. Coefficients of friction range from
near zero to greater than one.
Coefficient of
static friction
Coefficient of
kinetic friction

20. Coefficient of Friction
Material on Material s = static friction k = kinetic friction
steel / steel 0.6 0.4
add grease to steel 0.1 0.05
metal / ice 0.022 0.02
brake lining / iron 0.4 0.3
tire / dry pavement 0.9 0.8
tire / wet pavement 0.8 0.7

21. Free Rolling or Inertial Rolling
 Continuum assumption
 Rigid Cylindrical Roller
 Rigid Horizontal Surface
 Velocity remains constant
W
N
Free body diagram
v
ω
FrictionForce

22. v
ω
v
ω
Pure Rolling and Impure Rolling
Pure Rolling
Impure Rolling
This happens when the
friction present
between the disc and
the surface is sufficient
to prevent the wheel
from sliding.
This happens when the
friction present between
the disc and the surface
is not sufficient and
therefore the wheel
slides.

23. Static friction
Static friction is friction between two or more solid objects that are not moving
relative to each other. For example, static friction can prevent an object from sliding
down a sloped surface. The coefficient of static friction, typically denoted as μs, is
usually higher than the coefficient of kinetic friction.
The static friction force must be overcome by an applied force before an object can
move. The maximum possible friction force between two surfaces before sliding
begins is the product of the coefficient of static friction and the normal force
Kinetic friction
Kinetic (or dynamic) friction occurs when two objects are moving relative to each
other and rub together (like a sled on the ground). The coefficient of kinetic friction
is typically denoted as μk, and is usually less than the coefficient of static friction for
the same materials.

24. “Normal” Forces and Frictional Forces
Weight of block
Decompose Vector
Normal
Force
Friction
Force
Weight of block
Reaction Force
From Ramp
“Normal” means
perpendicular
Friction Force = Normal Force  (coefficient of friction)
Ffriction = Fnormal
Normal
Force
Friction
Force
Reaction Force
From Ramp

25. The Static Friction Force
In this module, when we use the following equation, we refer only
to the maximum value of static friction and simply write:
fs = sn
When an attempt is made to move an object on a surface, static
friction slowly increases to a MAXIMUM value.
s sf n
n
fs
P
W

26. 2 N
Friction and the Normal Force
4 N
fk = knfs = sn
12 N
6 N
8 N
4 N

27. Friction forces are independent of area.
4 N 4 N
If the total mass pulled is constant, the same force (4 N) is required to
overcome friction even with twice the area of contact.
For this to be true, it is essential that all other variables be rigidly
controlled.

28. Angle of friction
For certain applications it is more useful to define static friction in terms of
the maximum angle before which one of the items will begin sliding. This is
called the angle of friction or friction angle. It is defined as:
θ is the angle from vertical and
µs is the static coefficient of friction
between the objects. This formula
can also be used to calculate
µs from empirical measurements of
the friction angle.

29. • As P increases, the static-friction force F
increases as well until it reaches a
maximum value Fm.
NF sm 
• Further increase in P causes the block to
begin to move as F drops to a smaller
kinetic-friction force Fk.
NF kk 
Force vs. Time
t
F
Maximum Static Friction
Constant Kinetic Friction

30. • Maximum static-friction force:
NF sm 
• Kinetic-friction force:
sk
kk NF


75.0

• Maximum static-friction force and
kinetic-friction force are:
- proportional to normal force
- dependent on type and condition of
contact surfaces
- independent of contact area

31. • Four situations can occur when a rigid body is in contact
with a horizontal surface:
• No
friction,
(Px = 0)
• No
motion,
(Px < Fm)
• Motion
impending,
(Px = Fm)
• Motion,
(Px > Fm)

32. • It is sometimes convenient to replace normal force N and
friction force F by their resultant R:
• No
friction
• Motion
impending
• No
motion
ss
sm
s
N
N
N
F





tan
tan
• Motio
n
kk
kk
k
N
N
N
F





tan
tan

33. • Consider block of weight W resting on board with
variable inclination angle q.
• No
friction
• No
motion
• Motion
impending
• Motion

34. Conclusion
◦ Every force has an equal,
opposing force.
◦ Friction opposes motion,
requiring continued
application of force to
maintain constant velocity.
◦ Air resistance produces
terminal velocity, alters
trajectories of projectiles.

35. Thank You