This document outlines a proposal by 7 students at Jimma University to evaluate the water quality parameters and quantity of the Jimma Town water supply system. The students provide their names and student IDs, and the proposal is supervised by Bekan Gurmesa and Dr. Asaithambi Perumal. The proposal aims to analyze the physical, chemical, and biological quality of the water supply as well as address issues with the water distribution system in Jimma Town.

1. JIMMA UNIVERSITY
JIMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
FACAULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING.
EVALUATION OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETER ANALYSIS AND
QUANTITY FOR JIMMA TOWN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
NAME OF ID №
1. Dawit Kebede……………………………………………………….0502/07
2. Abdisa amante………………………………………………………0027/07
3. Belayneh getebo…………………………………………………….0318/07
4. Mehiret gezahagne………………………………………………….1214/07
5. Misganaw negash…………………………………………………...1236/07
6. Shams kider…………………………………………………………0070/07
7. Solomon deresse…………………………………………………….1556/07
ADVISOR:
Bekan Gurmesa
Dr. Asaithambi Perumal
Jimma, Ethiopia
January/2019

2. DECLARATION
This proposal is prepared by the student, genuine work and
submitted by:
1. Dawit Kebede
2. Abdisa Amante
3. Belayneh Getebo
4. Mehiret Gezahagne
5. Misganaw Negash
6. Shams Kider
7. Solomon Deresse
As A Supervisor of the Proposal I Have Read and Approved This Report Was Prepared
By The Students.
Name of advisor Signature Date
1. Dr. Asaithambi Perumal ………………………… …………………..
2. Bekan Gurmesa …………………………. …………………..

3. I
ABSTRUCT
In our study we tried to includes all the necessary concepts associated, generally in corporate
our study in to single study text made of all the following stage.
In the beginning of the study, we tried to focus on the general and the specific objectives of the
study; in the second chapter, we try to focus on all the general concepts associated to the use of
water, factors to the usage of water, quality and quantity of waters, design principle of the water
project over the population of Jimma town. Also we tried to cover all the water supply situation,
source water, use of water, factor that affect or influence water usage and other concept
associated with water supply.
Towards the third chapter, we focused on the general methodology such as data collection
methods, data analysis methods and materials of the study of the conduction of better study on
water supply situation of Jimma town.
Towards fourth chapter our proposal focuses on analyzing the cost and time table break down
for conducting the proposal in successful manner.
Finally, the fifth chapter we also include recommendations and conclusions briefly in the
chapter.
Keywords: water, parameter, laboratory, quality, quantity, PH, turbidity
.

4. II
ACKNOLOGYMENT
First of all, we would like to thank the almighty God for his everlasting mercy and protection. And
also we would like to present our greatest gratitude to water supply and environmental engineering
department for its giving this chance to solve water quality and quantity problem existing in the
town. We also salute the people around us for their willingness to give information orally.
Our deepest gratitude bekan gurmesa and Dr. asaithambi perumal (Lecturer in Jimma institute of
technology, faculty of civil and environmental engineering) We thank our supervisor for his
management and checks of our work desired periods of time to make as efficient in our work.

5. III
Contents page №
ABSTRUCT...................................................................................................................................................I
ACKNOLOGYMENT................................................................................................................................. II
Contents page № ...........III
LIST OF TABLE......................................................................................................................................... V
LIST OF FIGURE.......................................................................................................................................VI
ABBREVIATION..................................................................................................................................... VII
CHAPTER ONE...........................................................................................................................................1
1.1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................1
1.2 STATEMENTS OF THE PROBLEMS..............................................................................................2
1.3 OBJECTIVES.....................................................................................................................................3
1.3.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY .............................................................................3
1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY...............................................................................3
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS.................................................................................................................3
1.5 MOTIVATION...................................................................................................................................3
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY...................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO ..........................................................................................................................................5
2. LITERATURE REVIEW .....................................................................................................................5
2.1 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM..............................................................................................................5
2.2 ACCESSIBILITY OF ADEQUATE AND SAFE WATER SUPPLY...............................................6
2.3 QUANTITY OF WATER...................................................................................................................7
2.4 WATER USE FOR DIFFERETNT PURPOSES ...............................................................................7
2.5 PER- CAPITAL DEMAND ...............................................................................................................9
2.6 FACTORS AFFECTING WATER USE..........................................................................................10
2.7 DESIGN OF WATER DISTRIBUTOIN SYSTEM.........................................................................10
2.8 CRIQUE OF THE EXISTING LITRETUR RELEVANT TO THE STUDY..................................10
CHAPTER THREE ....................................................................................................................................12
3. METHODOLOGY AND MATERIAL ..............................................................................................12
3.1 METHODOLOGY ...........................................................................................................................12
3.2 MATERIALS USED FOR STUDY .................................................................................................12

6. IV
3.2.1 Chemicals for water quality determination used are:..........................................................13
3.2.2 Equipment used for water quality .......................................................................................13
3.3 Sample size and sampling procedures.........................................................................................13
3.3.1 Sample Size.........................................................................................................................13
3.3.2 Sampling procedure ............................................................................................................14
3.4 Study variables............................................................................................................................14
3.4.1 Dependent variable ....................................................................................................................14
3.4.2 Independent Variables................................................................................................................14
3.3 DATA COLLECTION METHOD ...................................................................................................14
3.4 Data Analysis...................................................................................................................................15
CHAPETER FOUR ....................................................................................................................................16
4. WORK PLAN AND BUDGET ALLOCATION............................................................................16
4.1 WORK PLAN..................................................................................................................................16
4.2 BUDGET....................................................................................................................................17
CHAPETER FIVE......................................................................................................................................18
5 RECOMMANDATION AND CONCLUSIONS........................................................................18
5.1 CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................................18
5.2 RECOMMANDATION............................................................................................................19
REFFERANCES...................................................................................................................................20

7. V
LIST OF TABLE
Table 2.1: Estimation for per capital demand for piped water in L/c/d (1997) for population of >3000(urban
& rural). ................................................................................................................................................7
Table2.2: commercial/ Institutional water demand.......................................................................................8
Table 2.3: breakup of per capital demand.....................................................................................................9
Table 4.1: Time plan and management.......................................................................................................16

8. VI
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure2.2: water supply systems..................................................................................................................6

9. VII
ABBREVIATION
L/C/D litter per capital demand
MoWR Ministry of Water Resource
UNDP United Nations Development Programs
WSEE Water supply and environmental engineering

10. 1
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Water is a vital source of existence for the worlds living features in general. No water, No life. To
secure better living situations across the full range of life in world, water supply systems must be
put in a well arranged and properly planned fashion. Our World is especial composition of water
and its elements. Hence for its proper state and natural resource, water must be in treated and
supplied systems.
This World is full of excessively emerging living creatures, for better living conditioners of this
natural World, water supply systems require excessive study and in depth discussion. The natural
water contents of our World needs huge studies and oriented understandings of better
methodologies of supply and treatment. In general, to challenge bad living condition arising due
to poor supply of water across our World, the basic rail route is overall discussion on supply, Gould
and Nissen-Pettersen (1999).
African has the largest place in the extent of being the source of much water drifted different source
such as ocean, Rivers, Lakes, Ponds and other territorial related water source. Despite wider source
of supply, proper methods of usage are not applied yet to use the accessible situations. To get better
out puts of sanitary practices, we have to an in depth knowledge on associated study (Carles, 2009).
Ethiopia border in part of Africa has every fascinating and interesting source of water. Despite
existence, no better methods have been used in practice to apply in further technological works to
drive such goals of changing natural source into technological output, water supply and
environmental engineering is running its best.
In Jimma town have moderate access to supply of water. Peoples way of like is directing related
and dependent on the accessibility of water there. We are challenging the problem associated with
pure water situation in the town of Jimma and governmental institute.
Absolutely pure water is not found in nature and contains number of impurities in varying amounts.
The rainwater which is originally pure also absorbs various gases, dust and other impurities while
falling. This water when moves on the ground further carries salt, organic and inorganic impurities.
So this water before supplying to the public should be treated and purified for the safety of public

11. 2
health, economy and protection of various industrial process, it is most essential for the water work
engineer to thoroughly check analyze and do the treatment of the raw water obtained the sources,
before its distribution. The water supplied to the public should be strictly according to the standards
laid down from time to time (model water supply engineering,2005).
1.2 STATEMENTS OF THE PROBLEMS
Peoples living in Jimma town, Ethiopia do not have successful and enough access to natural water
directly emerging from sources but on indirect means. The peoples got water from a common
source bordered as Jimma zone water supply project system. There are different types of impurities
found in water either due to naturally or human activities which can be identified through
laboratory analysis. But this problem is not well known in our country for further investigation of
water.
The supply system is exposed to many communal problems. The first is the fact that the
distribution system is unfair and does not deliver program and access to the community. The
distribution among the community in general fails to supply properly. Because of this, the
communities do not get proper access of water. This failure of the population of the town on
obtaining water may have led to the people to use other unreliable modes of usage as bore hole.
Informal usage of water supply cause unnecessary health risk among the community.
The water project, despite is border sourness, used there does not match with modern technological
usage systems. The material systems installed are not that much modernized and lack of quality of
distribution among the community.
In general, the source of water project lacks fairness of materials equipped so that people living in
Jimma town are exposed to unconditional challenges of life due to poor access to proper water.

12. 3
1.3 OBJECTIVES
1.3.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Evaluation of water quality parameter analysis and quantity for Jimma Town Water Supply
System.
1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
 To analyze the physical, chemical and biological parameters of water.
 To handle the better solution to safe guard the existence of water supply system to the
population at the town.
 To solve the problems related with water distribution system of the town.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
When trying to seek solutions for existing challenges of water supply system over Jimma town,
we have to make predictions on answers to the following basic questions.
1. What are the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water found in Jimma
town?
2. What kinds of measurements should be taken in order to make pure and sustainable water
available over the community living there?
3. What are the major factors that caused the challenges faced to peoples living Jimma town
in relation to water supply?
4. What conditions got wrong and incorrect about the water distribution system over the
town?
1.5 MOTIVATION
There are a number of factors that necessitated the process of selecting such lesson and discussion
on our study. This factor motivating the whole of our work one to be enlisted as follows.
The fact that the currently existing challenges of the supply of a water over Jimma town is enabling
unless corrective measure are taken. The general living condition gets excessively hard and
difficult due to improper situation of water supply. To resist such challenges, study on water
quantity and quality systems is vital work for water supply and environmental engineering.

13. 4
The fact that we are water supply and environmental engineering student responsible for solving
such kind of problems as water supply familiarities is one the motive factors. In general, we do
such an amazing study on water supply system of Jimma town with an aim and target coming out
of wider periodic feeling to solve general challenge of accessibility of proper water.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
 In our study of water supply system, we tried to concentrate our detailed study on the water
supply system over Jimma town. And also we tried to reflect us in depth understanding and
referral ideas on the general water supply condition over Jimma town, these include
 In chapter one we explored that the general concept to associated with the study areal
critically.
 As discussed in the next two chapters (chapter 3 and 2), we tried to explore the general
quality of water in our life taking communal advantage over Jimma town as reference, the
factors associating with proper use and supply of water.
 Towards the end of our study we analysis the dates necessary to carry out our study. In our
study, we collected many kinds of information attributed to the demands of water for
domestic and further consumption the total population using water the amount of water
used per day at each family the total needs of proper water for domestic and further
consumption by a family the kinds of works carried out due to the use of water such as
irrigation if available over Jimma town.

14. 5
CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
The supply of water in general is associated to various kinds of ideology is depending on the
periodic situation. During the prehistoric eras water in general and its associated implication where
related to religious. But now days, the whole religious and social talks of water supply have been
in focus on the widespread reflection of the engineering and technology (Kummu et al, 2010).
During the prehistoric period of civilization, water supply situation where associated to religious
ideological just as in Mesopotamia and Middle East. There is ideology believes in the fact that
water must be shared to where it needs (Pandey et al, 2003).
In early 12th century ideology on a water especially about how public faucets. The earliest
irrigation system called gannets where acted by Mesopotamian population during the prehistoric
stage. There were many rules governing the wide usage of water across our world in different
countries. Although there were many depending on different countries, the ILAS Helsinki rules
and the rules where among many (Alcamo3 et al, 2007).
Something’s never change despite many walks of success. But the theory on how human being
have always discovered, diverted, accumulated, regulated, herded and as weapon misused water
gets hugely amazing. In ancient civilization, water was used as weapon means for occasion wars,
as caver house during hard cases of crimes in addition to usage as water sources for drinking and
other. The provision of inadequate quantity of water respond to only a part of the need since, as
noted above, most natural waters are not suitable for consumption. Additionally, as cites grew,
their wastes contaminated their own or other supplies treatment methods were thus required in
order to protect the health of the consumers (Nolde, 2007).

15. 6
Figure2.2: water supply systems
2.2 ACCESSIBILITY OF ADEQUATE AND SAFE WATER SUPPLY
According to Ethiopian Water Policy every Ethiopian citizen has the fundamental right to have
access to safe domestic water for basic needs. The great majority of Ethiopians uses unsafe and
polluted water and as a result is commonly exposed to a large variety of water-borne diseases. This
is all the more serious in that the rural population has virtually no sanitation facilities, while in the
country as a whole only eight percent of the population has access to sanitation. Moreover, in terms
of accessibility to health services the country is in the worst possible situation when compared to
countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (UNDP 1998). Conditions are even more critical if we bear in
mind that access to safe water in our case does not mean access to adequate water. An article titled
“Women, Water and Development” by Isha Ray (2007) defines “access” to water as the distance
from the home to the source being 1 kilometer (=0.6 miles) or closer.
MoWR defines "adequate" water supply to mean 20 litres of water per person per day and
accessible within a range of 0.5 to 1.0 km from a dwelling place (MoWR 1996). The WHO
standard, which was once adopted by WSSA, is 45 litres per person per day and the World Health
Organization (WHO) recommends that a minimum of fifty liters (i.e 10litter for cooking and 5litter
for drinking) of clean freshwater be available to each person, every day in order to maintain basic
health and cleanliness.

16. 7
2.3 QUANTITY OF WATER
While designing water supply system or scheme for a town or city it is necessary to determine the
total quantity of required for various purposes, in which the first duty of the engineer to determine
this quantity of water, and then finding the suitable water sources where demand can be made.
Actually the determination of quantity of water depends up on the size of the community and the
purpose for which it use themed. Based on this information three items need to be determined for
calculating the total quantity of water required for town or city. These are:
 Design population
 Rate of demand or consumption for various purposes per head
 Design period
2.4 WATER USE FOR DIFFERETNT PURPOSES
Municipal water demand is commonly classified according to the nature of the user. The ordinary
/communal /classification are:- Domestic demand water furnished to house, hotels etc., for
sanitary, culinary and other purposes. It is consumption are typically about 50 percent of the total
required water, but represents a larger traction where the total consumption is small.
In many causes water demand are fixed by governmental agencies. Water demand data provided
by ministry of water resource of Ethiopia are given in table below, but generally in Ethiopia, the
consumption is between 70-110L/day /capital.
Table 2.1: Estimation for per capital demand for piped water in L/c/d (1997) for population of
>3000(urban & rural).
No. Activity House
Connection
Yard
connectio
n
Public
fountains
Rural schemes
1 Drinking 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
2 Cooking 7.5 5.5 4.5 3.5
3 Ablution 17 12 7 5
4 Washing dishes 5 4 4 3

17. 8
5 Laundry 15 8 7 4
6 House cleaning 7 3 2 2
7 Bath & shower 20 4 3
8 Toilets 6 1
Total 80 40 30 20
 Commercial water demand: - water furnished for commercial purpose, such as stores,
hotels, shopping centers, cinema house.
 Institutional water demand: - water required for public building &institutional such as
school, hospital.
Table2.2: commercial/ Institutional water demand
№. DISCRIPTION Unit Water demands in liters
1 Clinics No 500 per clinic
2 Health center Beds 150 per bed
3 Hospitals Beds 200 per bed
4 Students No 10 per pupil
5 Offices No 350 per office or per employ
6 Tej house hotels and
pubs
No 1000
7 Bakeries’ and groceries No 250
 Industrial water demand: - it represents water demand for industrial which are either
existing or are where are started in the future

18. 9
 Firefighting water demand: - The quantity of water needed to extinguish fire depends
up on population contents of building, derision of building and this resistance to fire,
the quantity of water used to extinguish fire per annual is small compared to the annual
overall consumption of water. However, the rate of use during a fire outbreak could be
according for elementary capacity of pumps, pipes, reservoir and flow pressure, but in
our country context to overcome fire demand is enlarging the capacity of storage with
10%. If fire are not properly controlled and extinguished in minimum possible time
they heed to serious demand and may burn the cities. Incites fire hydrants should be
provided on the main at distance of 100-150 apart fire brigade men immediately
connect these fire hydrants with their engineers.
2.5 PER- CAPITAL DEMAND
It is the annual average amount of daily required by one person, and includes the domestic water
use, industrial and commercial use, public use, wastes etc.
Then it may be expressed as: the ratio of total yearly water requirement of the city in liter to number
of days in a year times designed population.
Table 2.3: breakup of per capital demand.
№ Use Demand(L/C/D)
1 Domestic 135
2 Industrial 50
3 Commercial 20
4 Public use 10
5 Waste (losses) 55
Total 270

19. 10
2.6 FACTORS AFFECTING WATER USE
Local uses depends up on such factors as the size of the community, presence of industries, quality
of the water, its cost, its pressure, the climatic characteristics of population, whether water are
metered etc.
The most important factors are:
 Size of city: has an indirect effect on those small communities tend to have more limited
uses for water.
 Industry and commerce: have pronounced effect up on total consumption. Since industrial
has no direct relation to population, great care must be taken in estimating present or future
water use in a restricted portion a city .Industries frequently use auxiliary water supply for
some purposes, factor which reduces their consumption of the municipal supply.
 Characteristics of population: particularly economic level, can produce substantial
variations from the average use of above 300L/c/d.
 Metering of water supply to individual users has been shown to reduce consummation
substantially perhaps by as much 50 percent.
2.7 DESIGN OF WATER DISTRIBUTOIN SYSTEM
The detailed of water distribution system is affected by local topography existing and expected
population densities and commercial and industrial demand.
First the flow must be disaggregated industrial sub areas of the system ,next a system of
interlocution loops must be a system of laid out the disaggregated flow are then assigned to various
nodes of the system.
2.8 CRIQUE OF THE EXISTING LITRETUR RELEVANT TO THE STUDY
In order to study conducted over Jimma town number of factor associated with the supply of water
over the area have got to some extent different from the truth view of water supply when taken in
literature and scientific views.
Scientific studies and literature the fact that natural water must be used for various kinds of uses
such as domestic, industrial, commercial and institutional demands. But the people living in Jimma
town do not use water to get these kinds of aims in to effect. The people normal use water largely

20. 11
for have been carried out as expected by studies. The town do not really much with the average
per capital demand collected in scientific literatures.
Water use in every scientific study is assumed to be influenced by factors like population, size of
city, industry and commerce as well as the amount of water supplied.
But these factors do not much well to the existing water supply situations of peoples living in
Jimma town. Unfair distributions disturb the influence of different factor these are on proper use
example, these are access at which a few population has access to much water.

21. 12
CHAPTER THREE
3. METHODOLOGY AND MATERIAL
3.1 METHODOLOGY
In our study on water supply system conducted over Jimma town, we used number of technology
to carry out an independent and amazing discussion on water supply situation over there. In our
study we used system efficient and effective in handling solutions to currently existing risk of
water.
In our study we did an interview orally to the population of Jimma town. We also used question
orally full of many scientific inquiries to seek the commonly existing problem related with the use
of water, the quality of water, the quality of water and all other implication related with the access
to pure water over the town.
We tried to seek general information about the action done by the community there to get pure
water supply and dealt on specific practical done by the community using the water supply
obtained from a common problem.
We also analyze the methods associated to solving problem related to the process of keeping the
better sustainability and proper existence of pure water over the town.
In general, to geotechnical challenge associated to water supply situations of Jimma town we used
method like data analyses, data collection on water supply situation, and collection of information
socio demographic characteristic.
3.2 MATERIALS USED FOR STUDY
In every kind of studies, material possession and use are very necessary things which must be
taken into practice. This study being and requiring excessive time and we expenditure hero by
requires a number of material requirements.
We used abstract material refer any kinds of oral information not handle but are tangible evidence
to delivers better information on the existing condition these include demographic and social data.
We also used material necessary for our proper functioning and effectiveness in our work. In
general, in order to proceed proper study, the use of all data collection abstract information and
demographic materials is up the maximum of our feeling.

22. 13
3.2.1 Chemicals for water quality determination used are:
 Chloride, Cl
 Hydro chloride , 𝐻𝐶𝐿
 Hydrogen sulfate, 𝐻2S
 Calcium carbonate,Caco3
 Sulfuric acid, H2so4
 Manganese sulfate, Mnso4
3.2.2 Equipment used for water quality
 Beaker
 Test tub
 Erlenmeyer flask
 Graduated cylinder
 Evaporated dish
 Reagent bottle
 Iron clamp or iron stand
 Spatula
 Beam balance
 Alcohols lamp etc.
3.3 Sample size and sampling procedures
3.3.1 Sample Size
One of the objectives of sampling is to assess the quality of the water supplied by the supply
agency and of that at the point of use, so that samples of both should be taken. Samples should
be taken from locations that are representative of the water source, treatment plant, storage
facilities, and distribution network, points at which water is delivered to the consumer. The most
important tests used in water quality surveillance or quality control in communities are those for
microbiological quality and turbidity and for free residual chlorine and PH where chlorination is
used. These tests should be carried out whenever a sample is taken, regardless of how many other
physical or chemical variables are to be measured.

23. 14
3.3.2 Sampling procedure
The sampling procedure will be performed in the correct way by considering different factors
that may affect the sample. Water will be taken from different places at different time in order to
obtain an accurate result.
 When the sample is collected, leave ample air space in the bottle (at least 2.5 cm) to
facilitate mixing by shaking before examination.
 Collect samples that are representative of the water being tested.
 Flush or disinfect the sample parts.
 Use aseptic techniques to avoid sample contamination.
 Keep sampling bottle closed until it is to be filled. Remove stopper or cap as a unit; do not
contaminate the inner surface of the stopper or cap and neck of the bottle.
 Fill container without rinsing and replace the stopper or cap immediately
3.4 Study variables
3.4.1 Dependent variable
The quality and quantity of water for drinking purpose:
3.4.2 Independent Variables
 Causes of water pollution
 Effects of water pollution
 Physical, chemical and biological parameters of water pollution
 Remedies of water pollution
3.3 DATA COLLECTION METHOD
Jimma institute of technology department of water supply and environmental engineering is a
responsible to solve the existing challenges in certain town throughout the study. Overall
accessibly and sustainably of technological and naturally occurring products as water throughout
the town and its community in order to take its part. For instance, we conducted a study on a water
supply situation of Jimma town to make geotechnical solutions to problems available over the
community to make sure the existence of better solutions to problems there after study we use
following data collection and analysis materials. These include:-
 General sampling methods
 Interviewing directly

24. 15
 Population forecasting
 Socio demographic data over the town.
 The use of water by the community
 The total data associated to use of water, source of water, consumption per head etc.
3.4 Data Analysis
In study, we first collected all the date available about water supply situations over jimma town.
The study data processing and analysis will be done through laboratory analysis and compared
with WHO standard guideline for drinking water.

25. 16
CHAPETER FOUR
4. WORK PLAN AND BUDGET ALLOCATION
4.1 WORK PLAN
Work plans of the study show all the tasks involved in a project, who is responsible for each task,
and when the tasks will be completed. Once the study has started the work plan is used as a
monitoring tool to check whether the study is on-track.
Table 4.1: Time plan and management
Activities
held
Time table or duration of time in week
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14
1 Data
collection
2 Data analysis
3 Review of
literature
4 Demographic
survey
5 First drafting
6 Typing
7 Proposal
development
8 Approval

26. 17
4.2 BUDGET
The cost required for or needed for the study is estimated below in tabular form
Table 4.2 Total cost of the study.
No Budget category Unit cost
(Birr)
Multiplying factor Total cost
(Birr)
1 Personnel Daily wage
(including per
diem)
Number of staff
days (Number of
staff * number of
working days)
1.1 Lab technician 250 14*10*250 35,000
1.2 Secretarial work 75 7*4*75 2,100
1.3 Data collector 600 30*1*600 18,000
1.4 Supervisor 300 14*5*300 21,000
Personnel Total 76,100
2 Supplies Cost per item Number Birr
2.1 Pen 5 20 100
2.2 Pencil 3 10 30
2.3 Eraser 10 3 30
2.4 Paper (pack) 185 2 370
2.5 Sharper 5 3 15
2.6 Chemicals 2500 9 22500
2.7 Photocopying cost 250 1 250
2.8 Printing and biding 100 4 400
Supplies Total 23,695
Supplies Total cost Birr
3 Transport Cost per km(Birr) Number of km
(Number of
vehicles * number
of days * distance
in km)
3.1 Bus 0.5 150*4*5*0.5 1500
Total 1500
4 Recreational Cost per item Number of days Total cost
4.1 Tea 3 20 60
4.2 Coffee 5 20 100
Total 160
Grand Total 101,455

27. 18
CHAPETER FIVE
5 RECOMMANDATION AND CONCLUSIONS
5.1 CONCLUSIONS
Generally, the population of Jimma town, have no that much better access to pure supply due to
number of factors. These factors that caused the lack of better services of pure water over there are
associated with unfairness in the distribution service and the traditionally of the equipment’s of
construction of the project .Not only this but also the fact that these socio demographic and water
supply dates do not match with the exact accessibly of water cause the unconditional familiarities
in the usage of water.
The peoples living in the town in general use much water for domestic consumptions and a little
for industrial, institutional, and commercial activates. The use of the water by the community in
general is attributed to the different kinds of requirements.
The usage of water by the population of town carries qualitatively from place to place. But to get
better access to pure water; the population must have other aims of stabilizing the project site with
the town.

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5.2 RECOMMANDATION
Jimma institute of technology department of WSEE has done its best in the overall analysis and
collection of data about water supply system of Jimma town to analyses the access to pure and
better water. The department is just carrying out number of responsible pre actions to challenge
the existing problems of water.
In general, the department being pioneer area of technological revolution is now trying its best in
the previous of conduction of study on a water supply system of Jimma town for the provision of
the town population with better water supply system.

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REFFERANCES
[1] Warren J.K. chemical pollution of ground water. Journal of sewage and industrial wastes.
March 1974; 66(3): 152-159.
[2] Vijaya S. and Atul K.M., Groundwater Pollution by Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate:
A Case Study of Okhla Landfill Delhi.
[3] Ares J,Miglierina A.M. and Sánchez R. Ground water pollution by pesticides at the
watershed‐soil catena scale. Journal of Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, .1998; 67(3-
4): 305-322
[4] Jack G. et al., cancer mortality in U.S counties with hazardous waste sites and ground water
pollution. An international journal. 1989; 44(2): 69-74
[5] Colonel V.O., Fagoyinbo and Dairo V.A, Groundwater contamination and effective ways of
rectification. International journal of Information research and review. January 2016; 3(1): 1749-
1756
[6] Rajkumar N. et al. Groundwater Contamination Due to Municipal Solid Waste Disposal –A
GIS Based Study in Erode City International journal of environmental sciences 2010:1 (1).
[7] Elfred L. etal. Ground water pollution and the bored hole latrine. Journal of infectious
diseases 1937; 61(2): 148-183.
[8] Pawari M.J. and Prof. Sagar G. Ground Water Pollution & Its Consequences International
Journal of Engineering Research and General Science, August 2015:3(1)
[9] Degnet A. and Maru A. Demand for improved solid waste services in Jimma town,
Ethiopia evidence from household survey data, Ethiopian journal of economics, 2005:54(2).
[10] Andrew J. Prenong (2007) water scarcity and rapid complex change in Colorado: an
evaluation of historical patterns of water appropriation and socio-Demographic growth.
[11] CSA (2006): Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
[12] F.M. Muthusi, G. Mahamud, A. Abdalle, H.M. Gadain (2007) Rural Water Supply
Assessment, Technical Report No-08, FAO-SWALIM, Nairobi, Kenya
[13] MoWR (1996) Universal Access Program(UAP) for water supply and sanitation Addis
Ababa.

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