1. Prepared by
Amit Kumar Roy
Assistant Professor
Botany
* Integrated Plant Disease Management (IDM)
2. • Integrated plant disease management (IDM)is an approach
that attempts to use all available methods of control of a
disease or of all the disease and pests of a crop plant for
best control but with the least coast and least damage
the environment
• Integrated plant disease management is a decision-based
process involving coordinated use of multiple tactics for
optimizing the control of pathogen in an ecologically and
economically.
* Integrated Plant Disease Management
3. The implications of IDM are:
• Simultaneous management of multiple pathogens
• Regular monitoring of pathogen effects, and their natural
enemies and antagonists as well
• Use of economic or treatment thresholds when applying
chemicals
• Integrated use of multiple, suppressive tactics.
* Integrated Plant Disease Management
4. Principles of Plant Disease Control
1. Avoidance—prevents disease by selecting a time of the year
or a site where there is no inoculum or where the environment
is not favorable for infection.
2. Exclusion—prevents the introduction of inoculum.
3. Eradication—eliminates, destroy, or inactivate the inoculum.
4. Protection—prevents infection by means of a toxicant or some
other barrier to infection.
5. Resistance—utilizes cultivars that are resistant to or tolerant
of infection.
6. Therapy—cure plants that are already infected
* Integrated Plant Disease Management
6. Components of integrated disease management:
The components of IDM include
1. Quarantine & regulatory measures
2. Cultural Control
3. Physical and mechanical Control
4. biological Control
5. Chemical Control
6. Host resistance
* Integrated Plant Disease Management
7. 1. Quarantine & regulatory measures
• Plant quarantine is the legally forced restriction on the
movement of diseased plant materials or of fungi,
bacteria or viruses that cause disease in plants.
• Quarantine & regulatory measures is a tool of Exclusion,
one of the Principles of Plant Disease Control
* Integrated Plant Disease Management
Components of integrated disease management:
8. 2. Cultural Control
Cultural practices usually influence the development of disease in
plants by affecting the environment. Such practices are intended to
make the atmospheric, edaphic, or biological surroundings favorable
to the crop plant, unfavorable to its parasites. Cultural practices
that leads to disease control have little effect on the climate of a
region but can exert significant influence on the microclimate of the
crop plants in a field. Three stages of parasite’s life cycle namely,
Survival between crops, production of inoculum for the primary cycle
and inoculation can be control by following preventive measures.
* Integrated Plant Disease Management
Components of integrated disease management:
9. 2. Cultural Control
I. Deep ploughing
• Deep ploughing of the field results in exposure of propagules to
elevated temperatures and physical killing of the pathogen. This
can be regarded as dry soil solarization.
• Summer ploughing was effective at reducing populations of cyst
nematodes and increasing wheat yield.
* Integrated Plant Disease Management
Components of integrated disease management:
10. 2. Cultural Control
II. Flooding of the field
Flooding of the field somewhat resembles soil disinfestation.
Long-term summer soil flooding, with or without paddy culture
is found to be decreased populations of soil borne pathogens.
* Integrated Plant Disease Management
Components of integrated disease management:
11. 2. Cultural Control
III. Crop Rotation
Crop rotation is a very important practice, especially for soil borne
disease control. For many soil borne diseases, at least a 3-year
rotation using a non-host crop greatly reduces pathogen populations.
* Integrated Plant Disease Management
Components of integrated disease management:
12. 2. Cultural Control
Other good culture practices
• In order to reduce dispersal of soil borne pathogens between fields,
stakes and farm equipment should be decontaminated before moving
from one field to the next.
• Avoid soil movement from one site to another to reduce the risk of
moving pathogens.
• Weed control is important for the management of viral diseases. Weeds
may be alternate / collateral hosts for many important vegetable viruses.
• some pathogens can only enter the host through wounds, situations that
promote plant injury should be avoided.
• The pathogen inoculum can be reduced by removing plant material
(infected and healthy) after harvest.
* Integrated Plant Disease Management
Components of integrated disease management:
13. 3. Physical and mechanical Control
• Mechanical and physical controls kill a pathogens directly or make
the environment unsuitable for it. The common methods are:
1. Collect and destroy the disease infected plant parts.
2. Hot water treatment: Some seed borne diseases like loose smut
of wheat (52ºC for 11 min), leaf scald (50ºC for 2-3 h), red rot
(54ºC for 8 h) of sugarcane, black rot of crucifer (50 ºC for 20-30
min) etc. can be treated by hot water treatment by immersing
infected seeds in hot water at recommended temperature and
time.
* Integrated Plant Disease Management
Components of integrated disease management:
14. 3. Physical and mechanical Control
4. Hot air treatment is given to remove excess of moisture
from plant organs and protect them from fungal and bacterial
attack. Several virus infected dormant plants are treated by hot
air treatment at a temperature ranging from 35-54ºC for 8 h.
5. Refrigeration (low temperature treatment) is most common
method used to prevent postharvest diseases of perishables
fruits and vegetables.
6. Soil sterilization at 50-60ºC for about 30 min kills the all
soil borne pathogens.
* Integrated Plant Disease Management
Components of integrated disease management:
15. 4. Biological Control
• The use of biocontrol agents in disease management is
increasing, especially among organic growers. These
products are considered safer for the environment.
• Examples of commercially available biocontrol agents
include the fungi Trichoderma viride and Gliocladium
virens, an actinomycete Streptomyces griseoviridis, and
a bacterium Bacillus subtilis.
* Integrated Plant Disease Management
Components of integrated disease management:
16. 4. Biological Control
• Bacteriophages have been found to be an effective
biocontrol agent for managing bacterial spot on
tomato.
• Paecilomyces lilacinus is a common saprobic,
filamentous fungus has been detected in the
rhizosphere of many crops. The fungus has shown
promising results for use as a bio-control agent to
control the growth of destructive root-knot nematodes.
* Integrated Plant Disease Management
Components of integrated disease management:
17. 4. Biological Control
* Integrated Plant Disease Management
Components of integrated disease management:
18. 4. Biological Control
* Integrated Plant Disease Management
Components of integrated disease management:
19. 5. Chemical Control
• When all the above methods are not-effective and
pathogens cause destructive loss of the crops then we
should go for chemical measures.
• Fungicides and bactericides are an important component
of many disease management programs. It is important to
remember that chemical use should be integrated with all
other appropriate tactics.
* Integrated Plant Disease Management
Components of integrated disease management:
20. 5. Chemical Control
• Information regarding a fungicide's physical mode of
action helps producers improves fungicide application
timing. Physical mode of action of fungicides can be
classified into four categories:
1. protective
2. after infection
3. presymptom, and
4. anti-sporulant (post symptom).
* Integrated Plant Disease Management
Components of integrated disease management:
21. 5. Chemical Control
• Depending on the kind of pathogens they affect, the chemicals are
called fungicides, bactericides, nematicides, viricides, pesticides
and herbicide.
• Earlier the chemicals applied on plants or plant organs only
protected them from being infected and did not stop or cure a
disease after it had started. These chemical are protective in
action (protectant fungicides and others) and majority of them
effective only in the plant area to which they have been applied
hence they are localized in action, and are not absorbed and
translocate by the plant e.g., Bordeaux mixture , Burgundy mixture
etc.
* Integrated Plant Disease Management
Components of integrated disease management:
22. 5. Chemical Control
• The real breakthrough came in 1960s and onwords when
many new chemicals like benzimidazoles were
developed that showed therapeutic action and were
absorbed and translocate through tissue inside the
plant, such chemicals are called systemic fungicide or
bacteriocide.
* Integrated Plant Disease Management
Components of integrated disease management:
23. * Integrated Plant Disease Management
Advantages
Some of the benefits of an integrated approach are as follows:
1. Promotes sound structures and healthy plants
2. Promotes the sustainable bio based disease management alternatives.
3. Reduces the environmental risk associated with management by
encouraging the adoption of more ecologically benign control tactics
4. Reduces the potential for air and ground water contamination
5. Reduces the need for pesticides and fungicides by using several
management methods
6. Reduces or eliminates issues related to pesticide residue
7. Reduces or eliminates re-entry interval restrictions
8. Decreases workers, tenants and public exposure to chemicals
9. Alleviates concern of the public about pest & pesticide related practices.
10.Maintains or increases the cost-effectiveness of disease management
programs
