1. Counter Reformation Chapter. 22

2. The Spanish Empire

3. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) was an explorer from Genoa, Italy. He had made landfall in the Americas on October 12, 1492.

5. Cortes in Mexico Plan of Tenochtitlan, from Cortes first letter to the king of Spain. 1521

6. Aztecs confront the Spaniards

7. Spanish massacre Aztecs nobles in the temple courtyard

8. Pizarro in Peru Atahuallpa, from Peru.

9. The acquisition of gold and silver, and other treasure was strong motivation for European colonization of the Americas. The treasures of gold and silver that were brought back were melted down for currency, far more important that their artistic value to the military Spanish monarchy. In fact almost no gold or silver object survived from the conquest. Gold and Silver : The Monetary Motive

10. The Counter-Reformation

11. Spain and France King Charles V of Spain and Francis I of France hated each other and were in a state of constant war Neither could defeat the other Their resentment goes back to Charles’ election to the Holy Roman Emperor over Francis The pope backed Francis but Charles Bought the votes of the electors

12. Charles V in trouble Charles’ kingdom was immense Made bigger with lands of Holy Roman Empire Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire killed Charles’ brother in law on Francis’ request Charles realized how susceptible to attack his empire was

13. Unite against Protestantism Charles entered France Francis became frightened and wanted peace The feud was ended Catholic kings united and called for a council to address the Protestant threat

14. The Council of Trent At Trento, Northern Italy beginning in December of 1545 A council called to reform the Catholic church Protestantism could not be defeated militarily Reform was made in an effort to win back believers Met in three sessions over 18 years

15. The council of Trent

16. Reforms of the Council Council’s main goal was to restore discipline in the church order End of selling offices and religious goods Sent bishops back to their dioceses from Rome Held bishops to their responsibilities to the parishioners Bishops must remain celibate

17. Reforms of the council Anti-luxury, emphasis on simple piety Ended sales of indulgences Reemphasized the traditional values of Catholicism

18. Arts of the Reformation The Church insisted on the use of religious imagery Required religious figures to be used in art Forbade any unnecessary art techniques Emphasis on the way art would influence the viewer’s soul into the faith

19. Arts of the Reformation Music was strongly influenced by the Council’s new mandates Music was to be strictly religious Devoid of anything secular

20. Giovanni Pierluigida Palestrina 16th century composer Choirmaster in the CapellaGiuliana in the Vatican Wrote 104 mass settings, 375 motets, 80 hymns, and 140 songs

21. Giovanni Pierluigida Palestrina First composer to have his complete works published Included secular works Highly influential composer of his day

22. MissaPapaeMarcelli http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y28ZRYF9Q-4 Example of requirements of the Council Words are sung to be clear and audible for the audience to understand

23. MissaPapaeMarcelli http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y28ZRYF9Q-4 Example of requirements of the Council Words are sung to be clear and audible for the audience to understand

24. Michelangelo & the Rise of Mannerism *Michelangelo was a famous and highly skilled sculptor and artist. *New direction of style and technique

25. Michelangelo &the Rise ofMannerism Cont. Michelangelo’s new art style exhibited: distorted figures, artificial poses , mysterious settings , and enlarged proportions characteristics Discarded Classical traditions of balanced, symmetric, realistic art. Church disliked Michelangelo’sprovoking style

29. Mannerist Arts

30. Mannerism: High Renaissance Mannerism: Artistic style that predominated in Italy from the end of the High Renaissance in the 1520s to the beginnings of the Baroque style around 1590. Luigi Lanzi (Italian archaeologist).

31. Mannerist Artists Michelangelo Buonarroti Amico Aspertini Perino Del vaga Giovanni Battista Moroni Luca Cambiaso…

32. Pontormo and Mannerism YOUTUBE VIDEO

33. Inquisition and Innovation

34. Veronese In 1542 Pope Paul III began the Roman Inquisition Veronese (born Paolo Cagliari but named after his city) was called forward for his painting Was forced to correct his painting in 3 months but istead changed the name of it from the Last Supper to Feast in the House of Levi

36. The Spanish Inquisition Began in 1478 Was created to convert all non-Christian Spaniards First target were the Muslims of al-Andalus Used friendly persuasion at first. But in 1500 the clergy began to baptize the Muslims. Moriscos In October of 1501 after all the Muslims were baptized they burned all of the Arabic books

37. Conversos Conversos term for Converted Jews They went after the conversos who they thought had a suspect conversion On March 31 King Ferdidnad and Queen Isabella issued an edict of expulsion for the Jewish people. Stated that all Jewish must convert or leave the country.

38. Teresa of Avila Born from a Conversos family Founded Discalced Carmelite 1567 – The Way to Perfection 1577- The Interior Castle

39. Cervantes and Picaresque Miguel de Cervantes Author of Don Quixote Considered first great modern novel Picaresque is genre that tells of and adventure of a hero that comes from a low social ranking. Lazarillo de Tormes

40. THE END