The document provides information about life in the Mariana Trench, the deepest known part of the oceans. It details that the Mariana Trench is located near Japan and reaches depths of over 11,000 meters. Life in the trench has adapted to the extreme pressure and lack of light, relying on bioluminescence for illumination and falling organic matter for food. Organisms include anglerfish, sea pigs, giant sea spiders, and giant squid, which is prey for sperm whales.

1. Ocean Life Mariana´s Trench

2. Mariana´s Trench Trench: A long, steep-sided valley on the ocean floor. Mariana´s Trench is located in the western Pacific Ocean (11"21' N, 142" 12' E) near Japan and is the deepest known location on earth

4. How deep is Marianas Trench? Average depths of the earth's oceans - the Arctic Ocean is 1,038m deep - the Indian Ocean is 3,872m deep - the Atlantic Ocean is 3,872m deep - the Pacific Ocean is 4,188m deep The deepest point in each of the earth's oceans: - the Arctic Ocean's Eurasian Basin at 5,450m deep - the Indian Ocean's Java Trench at 7,725m deep - the Atlantic Ocean's Puerto Rico Trench at 8,648m deep - the Pacific Ocean's Mariana Trench at 11,033m deep

5. Formation of the Marianas Trench

13. Deep Ocean Life

15. Do whales go to heaven?

17. Whale Classification Whales belong to the order of Cetacea , so they are called Cetaceans . (Animalia-Chordata-Mammalia- Cetacea ). Cetaceans can be divided into two groups: Toothed Whales and Baleen Whales. Baleen Whales: larger whales that use a baleen to sieve tiny organisms from the water. They have two blowholes used for respiration. Toothed Whales: smaller whales that use teeth to catch and eat prey. They only have one blowhole since the second blowhole has evolved into an organ used for echolocation.

18. How does a whale breathe? The whale´s “nose” which is called the blowhole is located on the dorsal surface of the whale. Whales breathe by partially surfacing. At the surface they flex a muscle to open the blowhole and once they have inhaled the muscle relaxes to close the blowhole so that whale can submerge again. Because whales must partially surface to breathe, they have developed conscious breathing. A whale´s blowhole is unique to each species. Experienced whale watchers can identify a whale by it´s blowhole. Whales do not expel water from their blowhole. When the whale surfaces it expels air (water vapour) and since the air in their lungs is at a higher temperature than the external air, the water vapours in the expelled air quickly condense into a liquid.

21. Pressure Adaptations Sprem whales can dive to 1000m deep (and deeper!). At this depth, over 90,000 kg of water is weighing down on every square inch of the whale´s body. At this pressure a human´s lungs would collapse . Whales have collapsable lungs that allow them to tolerate this enormous pressure.

23. Whale Fall: Life After Death When a whale dies and sinks to the bottom it is called a whale fall . Whale falls can support entire ecosystems for 50 to 75 years! which is the same amount of time a whale may live. Stage 1: Mobile scavenger stage - at this stage fish and crustaceans remove 90 % of the tissue - can last from months to years Stage 2: Enrichment opportunist stage - marine worms and crustaceans live off of the bones - Osedax worms (zombie worms) consume lipids inside the whale bones - can last for several years Stage 3: Sulphophilic stage - bacteria decompose the whale bones and produce hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) which nourishes chemoautotrophic bacteria - this is the longest stage and can last for many years

25. Questions 1. What do you call a group of whales? 2. What is the scientific name for whales? 3. What are the two divisions of whales? What makes them different from each other? 4. Explain how whales breathe. 5. How do whales maintain a constant blood pressure when diving? 6. How do whales maintain a constant body temperature when diving? 7. How have whales adapted to the increased pressure underwater? 8. How do whales sleep? 9. What are the 3 stages of a whale fall? 10. What does chemoautotrophic mean?

26. Whales - references http://www.doobybrain.com/2009/02/06/styrofoam-cup-is-crushed-by-ocean-pressure/ http://www.ftexploring.com/askdrg/askdrgalapagos2.html#Question http://www.pbs.org/wnet/savageseas/multimedia/deepsimulator.html http://www.whales.org.za/facts/did-you-know.aspx http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/zoology/marine-life/whale3.htm http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/zoology/mammals/whale-death.htm http://marinelife.about.com/od/marinelife101/Marine_Life_101_What_is_marine_biology_basics_of_oceanic_life.htm http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2011/osedax-fishbones/fishbones-release.html http://boingboing.net/2011/10/14/beautiful-short-film-about-decomposition-of-a-whale-carcass.html http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/zoology/marine-life/whale1.htm

27. Coral Reefs a vanishing hotspot

28. Coral Coral is a living organism. It is an invertebrae and they are related to jellyfish and anenomes. (Animalia – Cnidaria – Anthozoa) . We can further divide corals into two subclasses. There are about 2,500 species of corals.

29. Two types of Corals Zoantharia corals have tentacles in multiples of 6 and form coral reefs. They use sediment and other substrate to form a hard body. They can be solitary or colonial. Alcyonaria corals have tentacles in multiples of 8. Most are colonial .

32. Video of nemotocytes in action http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RYVHK2vM1_Y&feature=related

33. Coral Habitat Corals are found in all of the world´s oceans. However, we only find coral reefs in tropical oceans. Corals can be found at depths of 6000m but coral reefs are only found at maximum depths of 45m (where there is sunlight).

35. Types of Coral Reefs There are 3 types of coral reefs: Fringing : these reefs grow close to the shore Barrier: these reefs grow close to the shore but they have a lagoon that seperates it from the shore Atoll: a ring of coral that grows on a submerged volcano or mountain

36. Barrier Coral Reef

37. Fringing Coral Reef

38. Atoll Coral Reef

39. Why are coral reefs so important? Marine Rainforests: coral reefs provide a habitat for many organisms.They are a biological hotspot , a place where biodiversity is very high! Coastline protection: Coral reefs surround coastlines and protect the shore from erosion Irreplaceable: Corals grow very slowly, about 1cm a year! If they are destroyed it will take 1000s of years for them to grow back.

40. Coral reefs in danger! Ocean pollution in the form of oil slicks , pesticide and chemical runoff and garbage are very harmful for corals. Pesticide runoff can increase the concentration of nutrients in the oceans, this increases algae populations which can smother corals. Deforestation causes erosion, which can bury corals and prevent the sunlight from entering the shallow waters. Since Coral reefs are dependent on symbiotic relationship with algae, if there is no sunlight there are no coral reefs.

41. Over fishing and Ocean Trawling . Ocean trawling is a very destructive method of fishing. Big ships use machinery that completely destroys coral reefs. Coral reefs in danger!

42. Video of ocean trawling http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Q7acR8-ZFU

43. Global Warming. Since corals are very sensitive to temperature changes, even a slight increase in ocean temperatures could be devastating. High concentrations of CO 2 increase the oceans´ acidity. In an acidic environment corals are not able to produce their hard skeletons which build the reef. When corals are dying they become white, this is called coral bleaching . Coral reefs in danger!

45. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cbN161yBBGA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V29QUjTjDAw&feature=related

46. Coral references http://www.nmeaweb.org/gatlinburg2010/Documents/Concurrent%20Sessions/Tuesday%201015-1115/Ennes2.ppt#265,5,Reefs Corals Build http://tbsecosystems.wikispaces.com/Coral+Reefs