Long term adaptations to exercise on the musculoskeletal system

1. Physiology of Fitness
THE LONG TERM
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE
ON THE BODY SYSTEMS
PART 3: MUSCULAR & SKELETAL SYSTEM

2. Task

3. Recap
Cardiovascular System Respiratory System
 Cardiac hypertrophy  Increased vital
 Increase in stroke volume
capacity
 Increase in cardiac output
 Decrease in resting heart rate  Increase in minute
 Capillarisation ventilation
Increase in blood volume

 Increased strength
 Increase in blood volume
 Reduction in resting blood
of respiratory
pressure muscles
 Decreased recovery time  Increase in oxygen
 Increased aerobic fitness
diffusion rate

4. The Muscular System
 The muscle tissue’s
response to exercise
depends on the type of
training and the degree
of overload.
 High intensity resistance
training causes:
 Increased muscle
strength and size
 High repetition low
intensity training causes:
 Increased muscular
endurance

5. Long term/Chronic adaptations
 When we discuss chronic adaptations to
training we are assuming that training has
been occurring for a minimum of 6-8
weeks, training at least 3 sessions per
week.
 Why is this important? What if the athlete
was training less than this?
 Chronic adaptations can be seen either at
rest, during submaximal work or during
maximal work.

6. Chronic Adaptations vary
depending on the following:
 Type and method of training – aerobic versus
anaerobic.
 Frequency, duration and intensity of training.
 Individuals capacities – hereditary factors
(your genetic make up)(i.e. are your mum and
dad athletic?)

7. Muscular System Response to
Long Term Exercise
 Hypertrophy  Increase in tendon
 Increases in muscle Strength
size and bulk.  Tendons are tough
 It is caused by the bands of connective
increases in volume tissue, and, like
of contractile muscles they
proteins within the increase in strength
muscle.  What would happen
 Why do males if they didn’t?
achieve greater  Ping!
strength gains?

8. Muscular System Response to
Long Term Exercise
 Increased number of  Increased Muscle
Mitochondria and Strength
Myoglobin stores  This is a response
 Myoglobin is a site for to muscles being
oxygen storage in the used more than they
muscle
are used to – they
 Mitochondria produce
energy as glucose
are overloaded.
combines with O2 to Overloading can be
produce ATP done by increasing
resistance (weight).

9. Muscular System Response to
Long Term Exercise
 Increased  As LA is cleared
tolerance to Lactic away quicker and
Acid the muscles are
 Regular Anaerobic more tolerant to it
training e.g. ? the body is more
400m, weight training, interval
training [High intensity exercise
able to work harder
up to 2 mins in duration] for longer.
 more efficient at clearing
away LA partly due to
capillarisation allowing
greater volumes of blood
to supply the muscles

10. How might you test for improvement in
muscular performance?
 Sit and reach test
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x89wVNO6x
yo&feature=related
 Sit up test
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4dAfseVaqU
w
 One rep max
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqPTSMfC0
-Q

11. Muscular endurance

12. Muscular strength

13. Skeletal System
 Regular exercise slows
the rate of skeletal
ageing. Active people
have greater bone
mass than sedentary
people.
 Strength training and •Increased Production of
weight-bearing synovial fluid
exercises help increase Secretion of synovial fluid
bone mass e.g. allows movement in the joints.
Netball, tennis, basketb Regular exercise reduces the
all, walking thickness of the fluid allowing a
 Increases in calcium greater range of movement in
and collagen in the the joint
bones add the strength.
This reduces the risk of

14. Skeletal System
 Increased stretch of  Increased thickness of
Ligaments Hyaline Cartilage
 Athletes require stronger  Protecting joints from wear
tendons and more pliable and tear
ligaments to handle a
progressive strength
training programme. As
muscles get stronger so do
the tendons while the
ligaments need to increase
their pliability.
 Fibroblasts secretions from
the connective tissue
increase production of
collagen fibres

15. Summary
Muscular system Skeletal system
 Hypertrophy  Increase in bone
 Increase in tendon calcium stores
strength
 Increase in myoglobin  Increased stretch in
stores ligaments
 Increased no. of  Increased thickness
mitochondria
 Increased storage of of hyaline cartilage
glycogen and fat  Increased production
 Increased muscle strength of synovial fluid
 Increased tolerance to
lactic acid