This document discusses focal length and its effect on photos. Focal length refers to the distance between the lens and the image sensor, with shorter focal lengths below 35mm producing wider angle or broader photos, and longer focal lengths above 70mm producing telephoto or more zoomed in photos. The document instructs the reader to take 4 photos of the same scene from the same position using focal lengths of 18mm, 24mm, 35mm, and 55mm to demonstrate these effects.