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Prudent Pruning - Notes
1.
1/6/2013 Out of the
Wilds and Into Your Garden Prudent Pruning Plants of the S. CA Chaparral C.M. Vadheim and T. Drake CSUDH & Madrona Marsh Preserve Madrona Marsh Preserve Gardening with Western L.A. County Native Plants November 6 & 9, 2010 Project SOUND - 2010 © Project SOUND © Project SOUND The chaparral tells an interesting story, if you how to read it What is the chaparral plant community? Chaparral is California’s most extensive plant community. It is also the state’s most characteristic wilderness It dominates foothills and mountain slopes from the Rouge River Valley in southern Oregon to the San Pedro Martir in Baja California. http://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/2789/ © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 1
2.
1/6/2013 Chaparral Area in
California by County (acres)* San Diego 1,003,441 Los Angeles 553,789 Riverside 499,160 Santa Barbara 440,645 San Luis Obispo 417,718 Monterey 369,345 http://www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/biomes/ChaparalStaMonicaA.jpg Ventura 326,447 http://www.californiaherps.com/lizards/habitats/atstejnegerihabitatla508.jpg San Bernardino 276,010 Santa Monica Mtns - mostly higher elevations Lower elevations - San Gabriels San Benito 246,623 Santa Clara 188,427 Orange 111,550 Marin 37,566 San Mateo 36,152 Santa Cruz 32,328 *From Fried, J.S., C.L. Bosinger, and D. Beardsley. 2004. Chaparal in Southern and Central Coastal California in the Mid-1990's: Area, Ownership, Condition, and Change. http://www.californiachaparral.com/awheresthechaparral.html http://www.californiachaparral.com/awheresthechaparral.html USFS Resource Bulletin PNW-RB-240 © Project SOUND Malibu State Park Cleveland National Forest © Project SOUND How does chaparral differ from coastal sage scrub? Chaparral Coastal Sage Scrub 1. Often (not always) slightly higher elevation (500-4500 1. Often lower elevation & ft) & further from coast nearer/on the coast 2. Hotter summers; winter lows 2. Cooler summers: fog – more temperate in general 3. More rainfall: 20-40” per yr – 3. Less rainfall: 15-20” some may even fall in mid-late summer (summer monsoons) 4. Soil usually loam/clay Chaparral looks somewhat like Coastal Sage Scrub…. 4. Soil often rocky © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 2
3.
1/6/2013 How
do chaparral/coastal sage scrub differ? Why Sclerophyllous Coastal Sage Scrub leaves? Chaparral Small, Sclerophyllous leaves are advantageous in a semi- arid climate because they reduce evaporation thorough Xyloccocus bicolor a variety of traits including: waxy coatings thicker cell layers 5. More small shrubs (< 6 ft); recessed stomata, the pores in 5. More tall shrubs (> 6 ft); soft-leaved (‘soft chaparral’) leaves permitting evaporation sclerophyllous (hard-leaved) 6. Shrubs tend to be separated and the exchange of oxygen 6. Shrubs tend to grow together with space between – can into a dense thicket walk though it and carbon dioxide © Project SOUND Rhamnus ilicifolia © Project SOUND How do chaparral/coastal sage scrub differ? Chaparral Coastal Sage Scrub http://interwork.sdsu.edu/fire/resources/san-diego-habitats.htm http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/communities/coastal-sage-scrub http://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/2789/ 7. More complex understory: 7. Fewer understory plants – too perennials, grasses dark under the large shrubs 8. Many summer-dormant 8. Fewer summer-dormant plants plants http://www.soenyun.com/Blog/tag/exotics/ © Project SOUND http://groups.ucanr.org/SAFE/Fire_in_Southern_California_Ecosystems/ © Project SOUND 3
4.
1/6/2013
Walking through chaparral requires a path The topography has an effect on vegetation The aspect of a hillside makes a great difference in the composition of the chaparral. North facing slopes are a lot moister Toyon, Manzanita, Scrub oak, Pitcher sage, Kekiella , and Poison oak. The south facing slopes are arid: Remember: aspect also is important Dominated by Chamise, Black in CSS – both are plant communities sage, Woolly blue curls and Bush poppy, (Dendromecon sensitive to topography (both have rigida). http://blogs.getty.edu/iris/ ‘sun’ and ‘part-shade’ plants) © Project SOUND © Project SOUND How do chaparral/coastal sage scrub differ? Evidence that fire has played a key role in Chaparral Coastal Sage Scrub Chaparral Even-age ‘stands’ of vegetation – suggests recruitment/sprouting only after fire Long-lived seeds that require fire/smoke to germinate http://www.flickr.com/photos/52509763@N00/310103199/ http://palosverdessource.com/tag/rancho-palos-verdes/ Rapid regeneration from http://www.desertmuseum.org/desert/habitats/chap/chapgallery.php?print=y specialized re-sprouting 9. Can remain as stable CSS organs – ‘burls’/lignotubers 9. Successional community – climax community for a long tends to progress to Oak Presence of fire-follower time Woodland or Pine Forest species – endemic to post-fire 10. Fire plays a key role in years/regions 10. Fire plays a key role in clearing out underbrush; ‘setting the successional clock’ lesser role in the setting ‘successional clock’ SOUND http://www.desertmuseum.org/desert/habitats/chap/chapgallery.php?print=y © Project © Project SOUND 4
5.
1/6/2013 Chaparral is a
transitional community – at least historically Does chaparral ever reach climax any more in S. CA? The Chaparral is usually a successional plant community that gradually moves to oak and pine forest, if the soil depth supports it Over time, just the presence of the Chaparral can change the actual characteristics of a site: http://picasaweb.google.com/guidesharon/Spring#5274932832288037602 change the pH one unit effectively ‘double’ the precipitation produce a litter layer (mulch layer of leaves) in which the pines and oaks can germinate. These changes only occur if the chaparral doesn't burn for decades or maybe centuries - no one really knows the time line. © Project SOUND © Project SOUND http://room42.wikispaces.com/Savanna+Climate Recovery after fire Characteristics of chaparral plants Mainly woody shrubs Takes 3-4 years Chaparral communities in Depends on species – California occur from sea level to first 2 years recovery high mountains. Each elevation has by either re-sprouting its own mix of species http://www.laspilitas.com/easy/easy_wildflower_picture.htm or seed Plants like manzanita (Arctostaphylos spp.) Ceanothus Soil moisture is (Ceanothus spp.) and chamise important – higher (Adenostema fasciculatum) are elevation and N-facing common themes in southern slopes in lower California chaparral. elevations do best All chaparral plants in California Ultimately, smaller are adapted to wet winters and species are crowded dry summers, and they like well- out drained soils. http://interwork.sdsu.edu/fire/resources/Chaparral.htm © Project SOUND © Project SOUND http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/communities/chaparral 5
6.
1/6/2013
Chaparral plants are also good food Common large Chaparral shrubs: S. CA Several species of scrub oaks - Quercus Young plants and succulent foliage are berberidifolia most common and widespread. always a temptation – and easier to Chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) access Toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia) Ceanothus leaves are browsed by deer year-round Various Ceanothus species Rabbits, deer and other herbivores Various manzanita (Arctostaphylos) species can browse heavily in fall/ winter Laurel sumac (Malosma laurina) Deer eating Ceanothus http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/F7xecrsLEk2wFiIEETx41A Sugar bush (Rhus ovata) Holly-leafed cherry (Prunus ilicifolia) Spiny redberry (Rhamnus ilicifolia) Mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus betuloides). Redshanks (Adenostema sparsifolia) Chaparral comes from the Spanish and means "having Silk-tassel bush (Garrya spp.) Brush Rabbit scrub oaks". http://www.bentler.us/eastern-washington/plants/shrubs/rabbit-brush.aspx © Project SOUND © Project SOUND Chaparral shrubs are lovely Chaparral plants say ‘buy me, buy me!’ Evergreen foliage Most have abundant springtime or summer blooms. http://dunncreekfarm.blogspot.com/2010/04/organic-farming-from-hell.html Berries add color in the late summer and fall when the rest of the region is drab. Any given patch of chaparral will contain several of the common large shrub species but one or two will be predominant. And then there are the showy smaller plants that grow in sunny patches…. http://jimmundy.name/garden_album/slides/Ceanothus_looking_toward_front_door.html © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 6
7.
1/6/2013
And that’s how pruning figures into the story Buckbrush – Ceanothus cuneatus var. cuneatus © Project SOUND © Project SOUND Buckbrush – Ceanothus cuneatus var. cuneatus You’ve likely seen it in the wild… Western U.S. from OR to N. Baja Just another large shrub most of the year In CA, common in Covered with snow-like blossoms http://oregonstate.edu/dept/botany/herbarium/projects/ceanothus/CeCu/index.html foothills except in in spring – some say reminiscent deserts & Central of a cherry or apple tree Valley http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/ceacun/all.html Common on dry, rocky slopes, fans & ridges, to 6000', in foothill chaparral, pinyon-juniper and yellow pine woodland http://www.flickr.com/photos/ericinsf/2409689371/ http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?6586,6589,6594,6595 © Project SOUND N. CA Chaparral © Project SOUND http://www.tulipsinthewoods.com/wild-plants/buckbrush-ceanothus-cuneatus/ 7
8.
1/6/2013
Flowers: showy white Buckbrush has many characteristics of ceanothus Ceanothus Size: 4-8 ft tall Blooms: 4-8 ft wide Mar.-May or even later at higher elevations Growth form: Depends on the climate Fast-growing woody shrub patterns/ rain & temperature Form usually erect, multi-stemmed – rarely prostrate Flowers: http://www.nwplants.com/business/catalog/shrubs.html#Cea_cun May assume shrub or more tree-like Usually pure white, but may be form - may be variable because it a pale blue hybridizes with similar species. Flowers quite large for Bark gray Ceanothus – note the interesting shape - regular with Foliage: 5 alternating petals and sepals Small, simple leaves with waxy coat and 5 stamens growing opposite Color: green to gray-green of petals Roots: deep, much-branched taproot Insect pollinated © Project SOUND © Project SOUND http://www.tulipsinthewoods.com/wild-plants/buckbrush-ceanothus-cuneatus/ Fruits & seeds are Plant Requirements Soils: typical for Ceanothus Texture: well-drained preferred pH: any local Fruits are sticky, rounded 3-lobed Light: Full sun to light shade – capsules with “horns” common for chaparral shrubs near the top Water: Seeds are dispersed Winter: needs good deep when the capsule winter rains explodes and propels Summer: none to occasional (Zone 1-2 probably best) them some distance. Fertilizer: use an organic mulch Seeds remain dormant Other: resents being moved; until a fire promotes plant out when small germination http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/ceanothus-cuneatus © Project SOUND © Project SOUND http://www.hazmac.biz/060410/060410CeanothusCuneatus.html 8
9.
1/6/2013
Buckbrush Ceanothus makes a good large shrub Human uses of Buckbrush (and other Wonderful for erosion control Ceanothus species and naturalizing on slopes Good shrub for large-scale plantings Tea from leaves and flowers Good for dry, rocky hot sites – Dyes: green from the flowers; not for near the coast red from the root. Wonderful habitat plant: Stands were burned & coppiced Bees love nectar to produce young, straight http://natureshutterbug.com/wordpress/2010/02/17/a-different-kind-of-snowy-white-with-many-insects/ Larval host plant for White- shoots for basketry material streaked saturnia moth (Saturnia albofasciata) All parts of plant can be used Seeds eaten by bushtits, to make a mild, fragrant body mockingbirds, quail and finches soap or shampoo Cover for many wildlife species including California quail, black- tailed jackrabbit, brush rabbit, and mourning dove http://www.calfloranursery.com/pages_plants/pages_c/ceacun.html © Project SOUND © Project SOUND Pruning lessons from Ceanothus Chaparral shrubs Usually doesn’t need much – has a are very efficient nice natural shape – if treated correctly in the first few years For plant health, remove If a branch is no longer dead/crossing branches – will likely receiving adequate sunlight, the plant can have a few of these each year even self-prune that branch in a mature plant. - that is, allow it to die. http://outdoors.webshots.com/photo/1120298861053871638LibNcZ The understory of the chaparral is a tangle of dead branches. If you don’t want that look, prune out the dead branches http://www.researchlearningcenter.com/bloom/species/Ceanothus_cuneatus_cuneatus.htm © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 9
10.
1/6/2013
Pruning lessons from Ceanothus If you want to shape plants, start in the first year – after the first few years, the deer can’t get to the leaves to ‘prune’ them Light tip pruning in the first few years promotes fuller foliage Best not to cut out any wood http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/ceacun/all.html thicker than a pencil – no self- respecting deer would eat anything larger (and tougher) than that Use selective pruning to remove http://www.researchlearningcenter.com/bloom/species/Ceanothus_cuneatus_cuneatus.htm entire branches that are unwanted Do light pruning right after flowering (summer pruning): flowers occur only on previous year’s wood - so if you remove that in fall – no flowers http://www.tulipsinthewoods.com/wild-plants/buckbrush-ceanothus-cuneatus/ © Project SOUND © Project SOUND Pruning lessons from Ceanothus Chaparral Mallow – Malacothamnus fasciculatus Can’t really limit size by pruning – will only shorten life Choose an appropriate sized plant for the space – you and the plant will be happier http://blass.com.au/definitions/malacothamnus http://www.stylelist.com/?sem=1&ncid=bannadusstyl00000026 http://www.calflora.net/bloomingplants/buckbrush.html © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 10
11.
1/6/2013
Chaparral Mallow: feature Chaparral Mallow – Malacothamnus fasciculatus depend on the setting Many areas of CA that have foothills – N. CA to N. Baja Size: 3-12 ft tall Common shrub throughout chaparral and coastal sage scrub on dry slopes 4-12 ft wide; spreading and fans to about 2500‘ Growth form: Often seen on disturbed ground and Woody shrub along roadsides; fire-follower. Stems are wand-like http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?5042,5073,5079 Fast to moderate growth May form a dense shrub or be more tree-like – depends on water, ‘pruning’, ?genetics Foliage: Gray-green (more green with water) rounded leaves Softly hairy; pretty http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/plants/sdpls/plants/Malacothamnus_fasciculatus.html http://teacher-us.com/young/prsnl_ed/field_photos.htm © Project SOUND http://blass.com.au/definitions/malacothamnus © Project SOUND Flowers like a picture… Typical chaparral plant Soils: Texture: just about any, but Blooms: likes well-drained best Off & on from April pH: any but very alkali (> 8.0) through fall Light: Heaviest bloom usually in Full sun to part-shade spring Flowers: Water: New plant: treat as Zone 2 Moderate size; ~ 1” across Established: needs little to no Typical mallow shape supplemental (Zone 1 or 1-2); Color: pink (very light to Will lose leaves in drought medium) Over-watering will make it Super attractive – lots of spread faster – and may kill the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malacothamnus_fasciculatus_2.jpg blooms along the wand-like plant stems Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils Vegetative reproduction: suckers from roots © 2005 Janell Hillman http://bugguide.net/node/view/295204/bgimage © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 11
12.
1/6/2013
Chaparral Mallow: pretty & informal ‘Casitas’ cultivar Lovely as an informal hedge Upright habit Super choice for a wildlife garden: Nectar for: Hummingbirds, West To 6-8’ tall and Coast Lady, Western checkered wide skipper, and Large White Skipper Attractive gray- http://www.flickr.com/photos/mechanoid_dolly/4590614319/ Larval food plant: Gray Hairstreak green foliage Cover and nesting sites Selected for Would work well in a chaparral or garden use Edwardian-themed garden Available – TPF & Large foundation plant others Slopes & hillsides © Project SOUND © Project SOUND http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malacothamnus_fasciculatus_1.jpg http://www.theodorepayne.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Malacothamnus_fasciculatus_'Casitas' Watering lessons from Chaparral Mallow Pruning lessons from Chaparral Mallow (that impact pruning/management) (and other suckering shrubs) Growth rate often dependent on water – faster with more water Watering practices impact pruning Often growth rate is inversely correlated with plant longevity: Some plants will always ‘live hard & die young’ look informal – these are not plants that take to Most mallows (and other spreading formal pruning, so choose shrubs) are opportunists: they accordingly. spread as much as water allows Even if you limit summer water, Work with – not against – most will still spread – for example the plant’s natural in wet winters. This is part of the tendencies plant’s survival mechanism – growing This plant will not ‘stay in new shoots in areas where competition for light/water are place’ forever – needs to less spread out © 2009 Neal Kramer © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 12
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1/6/2013
* Creeping Sage – Salvia sonomensis * Creeping Sage – Salvia sonomensis Foothills of the Sierras and coastal mountains of central & N. CA – also in the mountains of San Diego Co. into Baja Chaparral, oak woodland, yellow-pine forest Northern areas: dry, rocky slopes below 6500 ft. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?Salvia+sonomensis San Diego Co: in the understory, with part-sun Remember: dry, rocky slopes in N. CA are not like our dry, rocky slopes J.S. Peterson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database © Project SOUND © Project SOUND Creeping Sage is a groundcover: true to Soils: its heritage as a ‘Mint’ Plant Requirements Texture: likes a well-drained soil – sandy or rocky best but Size: clay is fine if not over-watered 1-2 ft tall pH: any local 4-10+ ft wide Light: Growth form: Best in light shade (dappled shade under taller trees or Low to mat-like semi-woody shrubs) or morning sun. groundcover Spreads with time – J.S. Peterson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database Water: branches just keep growing Winter: likes good winter outward water; supplement in spring in dry years Foliage: Summer: Zone 1-2 best after Grayish-green, elliptical the first year; can wash off leaves, woolly underneath leaves and puckered above Attractive and aromatic Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php ?id_plant=saso © Project SOUND © 2004 Christopher L. Christie © Project SOUND http://forums.gardenweb.com/forums/load/salvia/msg0502361430447.html 13
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