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2. I. THE WILL
―There are few question upon which so much sagacity
has been brought to bear.‖
-Rudolf Steiner, The Philosophy of Freedom
3. ONE LINE OF PHILOSOPHY
Plato, Proclus, Plotinus, Meister Eckhart, Leibniz, Jakob Bohme, Jean-
Jacques Rousseau, Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer, and Rudolf Steiner
4. IDEALISM
Reality is primarily mental or spiritual.
The soul, as mental/spiritual faculty, has access to a higher reality than inanimate
objects.
Idealism rejects pure materialism or any dualistic philosophy that does not give
precedence to the mind.
Idealists assert that freedom and self-determination are real and have significant
implications on the ontological ideas of soul, mind, and divinity.
Contrast with materialist philosophers (Epicureans, Stoics, Thomas Hobbes) and
empiricists (David Hume).
5. DUALISTIC IDEALISM
N.B. This is dualism within a philosophical idea , not theological dualism (which
asserts a good divinity and an evil one, see Zoroastrianism or Gnosticism.
Kant – dualism between ―freedom‖ and ―nature‖
Plato – dualism between the soul and bodily appetites
Paul – dualism between flesh and spirit
We see in scripture a sort of dualism between the world and the
spiritual/holy. With Paul, this seems to be dualism between the
material and the spiritual. Elsewhere in the Bible, it might be
interpreted as the spiritual and the ―kosmos.‖
7. NOW THAT WE HAVE A DUALISTIC VIEW IN
WHICH TO PLACE THE WILL, WHAT EXACTLY
IS THE WILL?
THE POWER TO CHOOSE
8. FREE WILL VERSUS DETERMINISM
Pagan Ideas of Determinism – Fate, Destiny,
Hubris
Theological Determinism
Arminianism varsus Calvinism
Molinism
Materialist Determinism
9. For the Christian, the question is this: Is God the only agent—
the only being with an active will—or are we active
participants in Creation?
WHY DOES THE ISSUE OF FREE WILL MATTER?
Consequences
Ontology
Teleology
Epistemology
Ethics/Morality
10. HOW FREE IS FREE?
Compatibilism and Incompatibilism
11. FREE WILL AND DETERMINATION?
If we believe that God has an active will in the universe and that He is omnipotent and
able to accomplish His goals regardless of the will of man (as the scriptures tell us He can),
then we must believe in some amount of determination in the world, because God
sometimes makes certain things happen according to His plan.
But, as Arminian Christians, we do not believe that God interferes in the process of
salvation; we believe that God has given every person the freedom to choose whether he
or she wants a relationship with God.
12. SCRIPTURES FOR FREE WILL
Proverbs 16:9
Joshua 24:15
Galatians 5:16-17
Mark 8:34
14. OTHER POSSIBLE DETERMINISMS
Character/Personality
Greek Hubris
Instinctual or Pre-programmed Use of the Will?
―Acting Out of Character‖ – Natural Inclination can be resisted.
―Self-fashioning‖ and the recursive nature of the will.
―character development‖
―maturity‖
Sanctification
Materialist (and Pragmatism)
15. THE SUBCONSCIOUS AND THE WILL
I call a thing free which exists and acts from the pure necessity of its nature, and I call
that unfree, of which the being and action are precisely and fixedly determined by
something else. Thus, for example, God, though necessary, is free because he exists
only through the necessity of his own nature. Similarly, God cognizes himself and all
else freely, because it follows solely from the necessity of his nature that he cognizes
all. You see, therefore, that for me freedom consists not in free decision, but in free
necessity….But this is just the human freedom that everybody claims to possess and
which consists in nothing but this, that men are conscious of their desires, but
ignorant of the causes by which they are determined.
-Baruch Spinoza, Letter of October or November of 1674, as cited by Rudolph Steiner in
The Philosophy of Freedom.
16. IS THERE A PROBLEM WITH SOURCING
DESIRE?
Will is coupled with thought and reason—this allows us both to
resist our desires and to understand them (and their origins).
Literature (Iago, Jean Valjean)
Psychology
17. THE TRULY FREE
To be free is to be capable of thinking one‘s own thoughts—not the
thoughts of the body, or of society, but thoughts generated by one‘s
deepest, most original, most essential and spiritual self, one‘s
individuality.
-Robert A. McDermott, ―Rudolf Steiner and Anthroposophy,‖ in Faivre and
Needleman, Modern Esoteric Spirituality.
18. But, Steiner‘s view is that self-discipline can allow cognitional
understanding of the spiritual world.
The Christian understands that sin binds the will and makes it unfree.
She also understands that only God‘s grace can free us from the
bondage to sin.
The acceptance of Christ starts the journey of sanctification, which
in part means a strengthening of the will to resist temptation.
Christian Perfection, as Wesley thought of it, means having a will
clean from the desire to sin, and thus truly free to be unique and
individual.
20. DESIRE IS INHERENTLY GOOD
Hope deferred makes the heart sick, but desire fulfilled is
a tree of life.
-Proverbs 13:12
21. Desire is inherently good because it brings us into relationship with Creation,
with God, and with other humans.
However, as fallen creatures with free will, we have both the tendency to
corrupt the good in Creation and to turn it into something sinful.
We should not, in reaction to our tendency to abuse or misuse the gift of desire,
declare it something to be entirely avoided or repressed.
We must, however, understand that desire originates (at least partially) from
the relational meanings we assign to things and people, so we must remember
our responsibility as co-creators to attempt to align existential meaning with
essential meaning.
22. THE ORIGIN(S) OF DESIRE
Some desire is consciously chosen. For Herbert Spencer, the fundamental attribute of a will
that is free is ―liberty to desire or not to desire.‖
-Principles of Psychology, 1855, German Edition 1882, Part IV, Chap. IX, par. 219.
But other desire seems to be subconscious, or at least not volitional. Hence the term
―love at first sight, or most popular conceptions of love and romance.
Even those desires born of the subconscious may be resisted, set aside, managed, or
altered through the use of our will.
Ultimately, we must use our will to temper our desire and shape it into something
good, regardless of its origin.
24. C.S. LEWIS, THE FOUR LOVES
1.Storge (affection) – “fondness through familiarity”
2.Philia (friendship) – love between friends, the strong
bond between people who are a common interest or
activity.
3.Eros (Romance) – ―being in love‖, not simply raw
sexuality
4.Agape (unconditional love) – ―Charity/Caritas‖
25. EROS AND DESIRE
Once we remove any thought of a sexual component, the discussion of eros may function as a
discussion of desire as a whole.
For Lewis, eros is a neutral force—it can be used for either good or evil, depending upon how
we frame it. The Four Loves, (1960), p. 124.
For simplicity of discussion, we‘ll use the word ―passion‖ for eros.
26. PASSION
Our passion for people, activities and the world draws us into participation with the world. This is
why desire or passion is a good thing. In this way, desire is a motivator of the will. But again, this
relationship is recursive.
God created a world to be enjoyed, and he has allowed us to create things that we enjoy.
―Those timeless experiences we want to last forever whisper to us that they were meant to. We
were made to live in a world of beauty and wonder, intimacy and adventure all of our days.
Nathaniel Hawthorne insisted, ‗Our Creator would never have made such lovely days, and
given us the deep hearts to enjoy them, above and beyond all thought, unless we were meant
to be immortal.‘‖ John Eldridge, The Journey of Desire, p. 12.
27. ADAM & EVE
In the garden of Eden, Adam and Eve had only one restriction—do not eat from the Tree of
the Knowledge of Good and Evil. All other desires were permissible to them.
In a similar way, the desires that are permissible to us, that align existential and essential
meaning, are desires that can rightfully be eternal.
28. DESIRE CORRUPTED
Limerence and obsession, terms for desire that overshadows all other
things, represent (when willful) a corruption of the goodness of desire.
Good desire pulls us into meaningful relationship; bad desire destroys our
relationships and isolates us.
This is desire corrupted as a matter of degree—when we put one thing
(that is not God) above all others (especially if we put it above God). This,
in the sense most applicable to us today, is idolatry—the desire for
something because we‘ve attributed more meaning or power to it
than it really has.
29. AN EXAMPLE
An example of desire become idolatrous may be found in C.S. Lewis‘s work of literary
criticism, The Allegory of Love, an analysis of the concept of Courtly Love in medieval
romance. Lewis identifies as one of the aspects of Courtly Love the idea of the ―Religion of
Love‖—that the paramour replaces God as the prime object of desire.
This is not unique to Courtly Love, but can be a problem in any human relationship. See
John Eldridge, The Journey of Desire, Chapter 5.
30. Some things are simply not to be desired because they are the
consequences of a fallen world and have no beneficial use or purpose.
This is corruption of desire as a matter of object.
A MATTER OF OBJECT
31. Why we desire something is also important. In speaking with the people He meets, or in giving
the parables, Christ is always concerned with the motivations of people, with why they did or
said or wanted something as well as what they did or said or wanted.
Because of the desired use of a desired object, desire is a layered thing—we may desire one
thing because of how it helps us fulfill a different desire. This makes the analysis of desire
difficult, but not impossible.
32. THE OTHER SIDE OF THE COIN
If degree, object, and purpose are all facets of determining
whether a desire is good or bad, we must look at all of these
factors as a whole in analyzing the righteousness of our
desires.
33. GOD: THE ULTIMATE DESIRE
Properly viewed, all lesser desires should have within them a component of the
ultimate desire: relationship with God.
Every joy we take in the world around us carries with it the desire to know the One who
created all of this.
Our relationships with others, the more so the more beautiful the relationship, should
rouse in us a desire for relationship with God.
