SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 155
Baixar para ler offline
þ




þ



                þ

    ¹



                    ¾¼½½ º




            þ       þ
þ




½   þ


¾




¿




            þ   þ
þ




S ⊂ R2




         þ   þ
þ




    S ⊂ R2
þ            CH(S)           S
             ¸           S




             þ       þ
þ




    S ⊂ R2
þ               CH(S)           S
                ¸           S
    CH(S)                           ¸
            S




                þ       þ
þ




P           n




        þ       þ
þ




    P               n
CH(P)
                S




            þ           þ
þ




            ü




    þ   þ
þ




                ü







        þ   þ
þ




                ü







        




        þ   þ
þ




                         ü


        




                 




Ω(n log n)




                 þ   þ
þ
þ   þ
þ
p1




        þ        þ
þ
p1




        þ        þ
þ
p8                     p5
                       p6
                  p7             p4
                                      p3
        p9
                                p2
                   p1




              þ             þ
þ
p8                     p5
                       p6
                  p7             p4
                                      p3
        p9
                                p2
                   p1




              þ             þ
þ
p8                     p5
                       p6
                  p7             p4
                                      p3
        p9
                                p2
                   p1




              þ             þ
þ
p8                     p5
                       p6
                  p7             p4
                                      p3
        p9
                                p2
                   p1




              þ             þ
þ
p8                     p5
                       p6
                  p7             p4
                                      p3
        p9
                                p2
                   p1




              þ             þ
þ
p8                     p5
                       p6
                  p7             p4
                                      p3
        p9
                                p2
                   p1




              þ             þ
þ
p8                     p5
                       p6
                  p7             p4
                                      p3
        p9
                                p2
                   p1




              þ             þ
þ
p8                     p5
                       p6
                  p7             p4
                                      p3
        p9
                                p2
                   p1




              þ             þ
þ
p8                     p5
                       p6
                  p7             p4
                                      p3
        p9
                                p2
                   p1




              þ             þ
þ
p8                     p5
                       p6
                  p7             p4
                                      p3
        p9
                                p2
                   p1




              þ             þ
þ
p8                     p5
                       p6
                  p7             p4
                                      p3
        p9
                                p2
                   p1




              þ             þ
þ
p8                     p5
                       p6
                  p7             p4
                                      p3
        p9
                                p2
                   p1




              þ             þ
þ
p8                     p5
                       p6
                  p7             p4
                                      p3
        p9
                                p2
                   p1




              þ             þ
þ
p8                     p5
                       p6
                  p7             p4
                                      p3
        p9
                                p2
                   p1




              þ             þ
þ
p8                     p5

                       p6
                  p7             p4
                                      p3
        p9
                                p2
                   p1




              þ             þ
þ
p8                     p5

                       p6
                  p7             p4
                                      p3
        p9
                                p2
                   p1




              þ             þ
þ
p8                     p5

                       p6
                  p7             p4
                                      p3
        p9
                                p2
                   p1




              þ             þ
þ
p8                     p5

                       p6
                  p7             p4
                                      p3
        p9
                                p2
                   p1




              þ             þ
þ
p8                     p5

                       p6
                  p7             p4
                                      p3
        p9
                                p2
                   p1




              þ             þ
þ
p8                     p5

                       p6
                  p7             p4
                                      p3
        p9
                                p2
                   p1




              þ             þ
þ
p8                     p5

                       p6
                  p7             p4
                                      p3
        p9
                                p2
                   p1




              þ             þ
þ
þ




            þ   þ
þ
þ




            þ   þ
þ
þ

    Pi = {p1 , . . . , pi }




                  þ           þ
þ
þ

          Pi = {p1 , . . . , pi }
                     i¹
    CH(Pi )




                         þ          þ
þ
þ

          Pi = {p1 , . . . , pi }
                     i¹
    CH(Pi )
þ        ¡                   O(n log n)




                         þ          þ
þ
þ

          Pi = {p1 , . . . , pi }
                     i¹
    CH(Pi )
þ        ¡                   O(n log n)
                     p1 O(n)




                         þ          þ
þ
þ

          Pi = {p1 , . . . , pi }
                     i¹
    CH(Pi )
þ        ¡                   O(n log n)
                     p1 O(n)
                               O(n log n)




                         þ           þ
þ
þ

          Pi = {p1 , . . . , pi }
                     i¹
    CH(Pi )
þ        ¡                   O(n log n)
                     p1 O(n)
                               O(n log n)
             O(n)




                         þ           þ
þ
þ

          Pi = {p1 , . . . , pi }
                     i¹
    CH(Pi )
þ        ¡                   O(n log n)
                     p1 O(n)
                               O(n log n)
              O(n)
          þ




                         þ           þ
þ
þ

          Pi = {p1 , . . . , pi }
                     i¹
    CH(Pi )
þ        ¡                   O(n log n)
                     p1 O(n)
                               O(n log n)
              O(n)
          þ

                                    p2 ¸   ººº¸   pn




                         þ                 þ
þ
þ

          Pi = {p1 , . . . , pi }
                     i¹
    CH(Pi )
þ        ¡                       O(n log n)
                     p1 O(n)
                                 O(n log n)
              O(n)
          þ

                                    p2 ¸   ººº¸   pn

                             ¸

                         n−1



                         þ                 þ
þ
þ

          Pi = {p1 , . . . , pi }
                     i¹
    CH(Pi )
þ        ¡                       O(n log n)
                     p1 O(n)
                                 O(n log n)
              O(n)
          þ

                                    p2 ¸   ººº¸   pn

                             ¸

                         n−1
                      O(n)

                         þ                 þ
þ




    þ   þ
þ




        p1




    þ        þ
þ




        p1




    þ        þ
þ




        p1




    þ        þ
þ




                 p2
        p1




    þ        þ
þ




                 p2
        p1




    þ        þ
þ




                 p2
        p1




    þ        þ
þ




                      p3
                 p2
        p1




    þ        þ
þ




                      p3
                 p2
        p1




    þ        þ
þ




                 p4



                      p3
                 p2
        p1




    þ        þ
þ




                      p4
    p5


                           p3
                      p2
             p1




         þ        þ
þ




                      p4
    p5


    p6                     p3
                      p2
             p1




         þ        þ
þ




                      p4
    p5


    p6                     p3
                      p2
             p1




         þ        þ
þ




    þ   þ
þ




            CH(P)




    þ   þ
þ




                             CH(P)
þ   ¡           O(nh)¸   h           CH(P)




            þ        þ
þ




                                 CH(P)
þ       ¡           O(nh)¸   h           CH(P)
    ü       ¸




                þ        þ
þ




                                    CH(P)
þ       ¡              O(nh)¸   h           CH(P)
    ü       ¸

                O(n)




                  þ         þ
þ




½ ¾
¸ O(n log n)




          þ    þ
þ




½ ¾
¸ O(n log n)
½ ¿           ¸ O(nh)




          þ         þ
þ




½ ¾
¸ O(n log n)
½ ¿           ¸ O(nh)
½                                ¸ O(n log h)




          þ         þ
þ




½ ¾
¸ O(n log n)
½ ¿           ¸ O(nh)
½                                ¸ O(n log h)




          þ         þ
þ




½ ¾
¸ O(n log n)
½ ¿           ¸ O(nh)
½                                ¸ O(n log h)

½         ¸ O(n log h)




          þ         þ
þ



ü



           m≤n




                  þ   þ
þ



ü



             m≤n
             n
        r = ⌈m⌉




                    þ   þ
þ



ü



                         m≤n
                        n
                   r = ⌈m⌉
                  P    r                      P1 ¸ º º º ¸ Pr
            |P1 | = · · · = |Pr −1 | = m¸ |Pr | ≤ m




                                þ          þ
þ



ü



                         m≤n
                        n
                   r = ⌈m⌉
                  P    r                      P1 ¸ º º º ¸ Pr
            |P1 | = · · · = |Pr −1 | = m¸ |Pr | ≤ m
                                          Pi                     CH(Pi )
þ          þ
þ



ü



                         m≤n
                        n
                   r = ⌈m⌉
                  P    r                      P1 ¸ º º º ¸ Pr
            |P1 | = · · · = |Pr −1 | = m¸ |Pr | ≤ m
                                          Pi                     CH(Pi )
þ          þ
þ



ü




        þ   þ
þ



ü




        þ   þ
þ



ü




        þ   þ
þ



ü




            p1




        þ        þ
þ



ü




            p1




        þ        þ
þ



ü




            p1




        þ        þ
þ



ü




                     p2
            p1




        þ        þ
þ



ü




                     p2
            p1




        þ        þ
þ




    þ   þ
þ




    CH(Pi ) O(m log m)




        þ        þ
þ




            CH(Pi ) O(m log m)

O(rm log m) = O(n log m)




                þ          þ
þ




            CH(Pi ) O(m log m)

O(rm log m) = O(n log m)




                þ          þ
þ




            CH(Pi ) O(m log m)

O(rm log m) = O(n log m)

                               CH(Pi ) O(log m)




                þ          þ
þ




            CH(Pi ) O(m log m)

O(rm log m) = O(n log m)

                               CH(Pi ) O(log m)
                                 CH(P) O(r log m)




                þ          þ
þ




            CH(Pi ) O(m log m)

O(rm log m) = O(n log m)

                                  CH(Pi ) O(log m)
                                    CH(P) O(r log m)

                               CH(P)
                      n
O(hr log m) = O(h ·   m   · log m)




                þ             þ
þ




            CH(Pi ) O(m log m)

O(rm log m) = O(n log m)

                                  CH(Pi ) O(log m)
                                    CH(P) O(r log m)

                               CH(P)
                      n
O(hr log m) = O(h ·   m   · log m)
                                              n
                                   O   n+h·   m   log m




                þ             þ
þ




            CH(Pi ) O(m log m)

O(rm log m) = O(n log m)

                                  CH(Pi ) O(log m)
                                    CH(P) O(r log m)

                               CH(P)
                      n
O(hr log m) = O(h ·   m   · log m)
                                              n
                                   O   n+h·   m   log m
m = h O(n log h)


                þ             þ
þ




È ÖØ    ÐÀÙÐдP ¸mµ
½          n
     r ← ⌈m⌉
¾    P → P1 , . . . , Pr
¿     ÓÖ i ← 1 ØÓ r
             Ó              CH(Pi )
     p1 ←          P
     ´                                                  µ
      ÓÖ k ← 1 ØÓ m
             Ó                    pk+1                CH(P)
                  pk+1 = p1
                  Ø Ò Ö ØÙÖÒ ´ ´p1 ¸ º º º ¸ pk µ µ
½¼   Ö ØÙÖÒ m


                             þ           þ
þ




È ÖØ    ÐÀÙÐдP ¸mµ
½          n
     r ← ⌈m⌉
¾    P → P1 , . . . , Pr
¿     ÓÖ i ← 1 ØÓ r              £ O(r · m log m) = O(n log m)
             Ó              CH(Pi )
     p1 ←          P
     ´                                                             µ
      ÓÖ k ← 1 ØÓ m               £ O(m · r log m) = O(n log m)
             Ó                    pk+1                           CH(P)
                  pk+1 = p1
                  Ø Ò Ö ØÙÖÒ ´ ´p1 ¸ º º º ¸ pk µ µ
½¼   Ö ØÙÖÒ m


                             þ           þ
þ




È ÖØ    ÐÀÙÐдP ¸mµ
½          n
     r ← ⌈m⌉
¾    P → P1 , . . . , Pr
¿     ÓÖ i ← 1 ØÓ r
             Ó              CH(Pi )
     p1 ←          P
     ´                                                  µ
      ÓÖ k ← 1 ØÓ m
             Ó                    pk+1                CH(P)
                  pk+1 = p1
                  Ø Ò Ö ØÙÖÒ ´ ´p1 ¸ º º º ¸ pk µ µ
½¼   Ö ØÙÖÒ m

þ                  O(n log m)
                             þ           þ
þ




    ÓÒÚ ÜÀÙÐдP µ
½    ÓÖ t ← 1, 2, 3, . . .
           Ó m ← min{22 , n}
                           t
¾
¿           L ← È ÖØ ÐÀÙÐдP ¸mµ
              L= m
              Ø Ò Ö ØÙÖÒ L




                        þ      þ
þ




    ÓÒÚ ÜÀÙÐдP µ
½    ÓÖ t ← 1, 2, 3, . . .
           Ó m ← min{22 , n}
                           t
¾
¿           L ← È ÖØ ÐÀÙÐдP ¸mµ
              L= m
              Ø Ò Ö ØÙÖÒ L

ü                              t = ⌈log log h⌉




                        þ       þ
þ



ü



                            t
    þ           t O(n log 22 ) = O(n · 2t )




            þ   þ
þ



ü



                                  t
    þ           t O(n log 22 ) = O(n · 2t )
                    ⌈log log h⌉
                                  O(n · 2t )
                       t=1




            þ   þ
þ



ü



                                                               t
    þ                                       t O(n log 22 ) = O(n · 2t )
                                                 ⌈log log h⌉
                                                               O(n · 2t )
                                                    t=1
    ⌈log log h⌉
                  n · 2t  n · 2⌈log log h⌉+1  4n · 2log log h = 4n log h
        t=1




                                þ          þ
þ



ü



                                                               t
    þ                                       t O(n log 22 ) = O(n · 2t )
                                                 ⌈log log h⌉
                                                               O(n · 2t )
                                                    t=1
    ⌈log log h⌉
                  n · 2t  n · 2⌈log log h⌉+1  4n · 2log log h = 4n log h
        t=1
    þ             ¡                                       O(n log h)




                                þ          þ
þ



ü



                                                               t
    þ                                       t O(n log 22 ) = O(n · 2t )
                                                 ⌈log log h⌉
                                                               O(n · 2t )
                                                    t=1
    ⌈log log h⌉
                  n · 2t  n · 2⌈log log h⌉+1  4n · 2log log h = 4n log h
        t=1
    þ             ¡                                       O(n log h)
                             O(n)




                                þ          þ
þ




½   þ


¾




¿




            þ   þ
þ




    P       n




        þ       þ
þ




    P       n
                        ¸
                    P




        þ       þ
þ




            P




    þ   þ
þ




                     P


                P¸
    ¸




        þ   þ
þ




                     P


                P¸
    ¸

                         P




        þ   þ
þ




1≤i ≤n




         þ   þ
þ




        1≤i ≤n
Pi = {p1 , . . . , pi }




                          þ   þ
þ




        1≤i ≤n
Pi = {p1 , . . . , pi }
Ci                                Pi




                          þ   þ
þ

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Destaque

Юрий Владимирович Матиясевич. Десятая проблема Гильберта. Решение и применени...
Юрий Владимирович Матиясевич. Десятая проблема Гильберта. Решение и применени...Юрий Владимирович Матиясевич. Десятая проблема Гильберта. Решение и применени...
Юрий Владимирович Матиясевич. Десятая проблема Гильберта. Решение и применени...Computer Science Club
 
Н. Иготти. Виртуализация и виртуальные машины. Лекция 11
Н. Иготти. Виртуализация и виртуальные машины. Лекция 11Н. Иготти. Виртуализация и виртуальные машины. Лекция 11
Н. Иготти. Виртуализация и виртуальные машины. Лекция 11Computer Science Club
 
Д. М. Ицыксон. Вводный курс. Лекция 2
Д. М. Ицыксон. Вводный курс. Лекция 2Д. М. Ицыксон. Вводный курс. Лекция 2
Д. М. Ицыксон. Вводный курс. Лекция 2Computer Science Club
 
20090222 hardnessvsrandomness itsykson_lecture02
20090222 hardnessvsrandomness itsykson_lecture0220090222 hardnessvsrandomness itsykson_lecture02
20090222 hardnessvsrandomness itsykson_lecture02Computer Science Club
 
20080224 cryptography hirsch_lecture02
20080224 cryptography hirsch_lecture0220080224 cryptography hirsch_lecture02
20080224 cryptography hirsch_lecture02Computer Science Club
 
20100228 virtualization igotti_lecture03
20100228 virtualization igotti_lecture0320100228 virtualization igotti_lecture03
20100228 virtualization igotti_lecture03Computer Science Club
 
20080323 machine learning_nikolenko_lecture04
20080323 machine learning_nikolenko_lecture0420080323 machine learning_nikolenko_lecture04
20080323 machine learning_nikolenko_lecture04Computer Science Club
 
20100923 proof complexity_hirsch_lecture02
20100923 proof complexity_hirsch_lecture0220100923 proof complexity_hirsch_lecture02
20100923 proof complexity_hirsch_lecture02Computer Science Club
 
20110224 systems of_typed_lambda_calculi_moskvin_lecture02
20110224 systems of_typed_lambda_calculi_moskvin_lecture0220110224 systems of_typed_lambda_calculi_moskvin_lecture02
20110224 systems of_typed_lambda_calculi_moskvin_lecture02Computer Science Club
 
20110409 quantum algorithms_vyali_lecture09
20110409 quantum algorithms_vyali_lecture0920110409 quantum algorithms_vyali_lecture09
20110409 quantum algorithms_vyali_lecture09Computer Science Club
 

Destaque (11)

Юрий Владимирович Матиясевич. Десятая проблема Гильберта. Решение и применени...
Юрий Владимирович Матиясевич. Десятая проблема Гильберта. Решение и применени...Юрий Владимирович Матиясевич. Десятая проблема Гильберта. Решение и применени...
Юрий Владимирович Матиясевич. Десятая проблема Гильберта. Решение и применени...
 
Н. Иготти. Виртуализация и виртуальные машины. Лекция 11
Н. Иготти. Виртуализация и виртуальные машины. Лекция 11Н. Иготти. Виртуализация и виртуальные машины. Лекция 11
Н. Иготти. Виртуализация и виртуальные машины. Лекция 11
 
Д. М. Ицыксон. Вводный курс. Лекция 2
Д. М. Ицыксон. Вводный курс. Лекция 2Д. М. Ицыксон. Вводный курс. Лекция 2
Д. М. Ицыксон. Вводный курс. Лекция 2
 
20090222 hardnessvsrandomness itsykson_lecture02
20090222 hardnessvsrandomness itsykson_lecture0220090222 hardnessvsrandomness itsykson_lecture02
20090222 hardnessvsrandomness itsykson_lecture02
 
20080224 cryptography hirsch_lecture02
20080224 cryptography hirsch_lecture0220080224 cryptography hirsch_lecture02
20080224 cryptography hirsch_lecture02
 
20100228 virtualization igotti_lecture03
20100228 virtualization igotti_lecture0320100228 virtualization igotti_lecture03
20100228 virtualization igotti_lecture03
 
20080323 machine learning_nikolenko_lecture04
20080323 machine learning_nikolenko_lecture0420080323 machine learning_nikolenko_lecture04
20080323 machine learning_nikolenko_lecture04
 
20100923 proof complexity_hirsch_lecture02
20100923 proof complexity_hirsch_lecture0220100923 proof complexity_hirsch_lecture02
20100923 proof complexity_hirsch_lecture02
 
20100925 ontology konev_lecture01
20100925 ontology konev_lecture0120100925 ontology konev_lecture01
20100925 ontology konev_lecture01
 
20110224 systems of_typed_lambda_calculi_moskvin_lecture02
20110224 systems of_typed_lambda_calculi_moskvin_lecture0220110224 systems of_typed_lambda_calculi_moskvin_lecture02
20110224 systems of_typed_lambda_calculi_moskvin_lecture02
 
20110409 quantum algorithms_vyali_lecture09
20110409 quantum algorithms_vyali_lecture0920110409 quantum algorithms_vyali_lecture09
20110409 quantum algorithms_vyali_lecture09
 

Mais de Computer Science Club

20140531 serebryany lecture01_fantastic_cpp_bugs
20140531 serebryany lecture01_fantastic_cpp_bugs20140531 serebryany lecture01_fantastic_cpp_bugs
20140531 serebryany lecture01_fantastic_cpp_bugsComputer Science Club
 
20140531 serebryany lecture02_find_scary_cpp_bugs
20140531 serebryany lecture02_find_scary_cpp_bugs20140531 serebryany lecture02_find_scary_cpp_bugs
20140531 serebryany lecture02_find_scary_cpp_bugsComputer Science Club
 
20140531 serebryany lecture01_fantastic_cpp_bugs
20140531 serebryany lecture01_fantastic_cpp_bugs20140531 serebryany lecture01_fantastic_cpp_bugs
20140531 serebryany lecture01_fantastic_cpp_bugsComputer Science Club
 
20140511 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture12
20140511 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture1220140511 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture12
20140511 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture12Computer Science Club
 
20140427 parallel programming_zlobin_lecture11
20140427 parallel programming_zlobin_lecture1120140427 parallel programming_zlobin_lecture11
20140427 parallel programming_zlobin_lecture11Computer Science Club
 
20140420 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture10
20140420 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture1020140420 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture10
20140420 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture10Computer Science Club
 
20140413 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture09
20140413 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture0920140413 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture09
20140413 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture09Computer Science Club
 
20140329 graph drawing_dainiak_lecture02
20140329 graph drawing_dainiak_lecture0220140329 graph drawing_dainiak_lecture02
20140329 graph drawing_dainiak_lecture02Computer Science Club
 
20140329 graph drawing_dainiak_lecture01
20140329 graph drawing_dainiak_lecture0120140329 graph drawing_dainiak_lecture01
20140329 graph drawing_dainiak_lecture01Computer Science Club
 
20140310 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture03-04
20140310 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture03-0420140310 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture03-04
20140310 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture03-04Computer Science Club
 
20140216 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture01
20140216 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture0120140216 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture01
20140216 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture01Computer Science Club
 

Mais de Computer Science Club (20)

20141223 kuznetsov distributed
20141223 kuznetsov distributed20141223 kuznetsov distributed
20141223 kuznetsov distributed
 
Computer Vision
Computer VisionComputer Vision
Computer Vision
 
20140531 serebryany lecture01_fantastic_cpp_bugs
20140531 serebryany lecture01_fantastic_cpp_bugs20140531 serebryany lecture01_fantastic_cpp_bugs
20140531 serebryany lecture01_fantastic_cpp_bugs
 
20140531 serebryany lecture02_find_scary_cpp_bugs
20140531 serebryany lecture02_find_scary_cpp_bugs20140531 serebryany lecture02_find_scary_cpp_bugs
20140531 serebryany lecture02_find_scary_cpp_bugs
 
20140531 serebryany lecture01_fantastic_cpp_bugs
20140531 serebryany lecture01_fantastic_cpp_bugs20140531 serebryany lecture01_fantastic_cpp_bugs
20140531 serebryany lecture01_fantastic_cpp_bugs
 
20140511 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture12
20140511 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture1220140511 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture12
20140511 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture12
 
20140427 parallel programming_zlobin_lecture11
20140427 parallel programming_zlobin_lecture1120140427 parallel programming_zlobin_lecture11
20140427 parallel programming_zlobin_lecture11
 
20140420 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture10
20140420 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture1020140420 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture10
20140420 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture10
 
20140413 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture09
20140413 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture0920140413 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture09
20140413 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture09
 
20140329 graph drawing_dainiak_lecture02
20140329 graph drawing_dainiak_lecture0220140329 graph drawing_dainiak_lecture02
20140329 graph drawing_dainiak_lecture02
 
20140329 graph drawing_dainiak_lecture01
20140329 graph drawing_dainiak_lecture0120140329 graph drawing_dainiak_lecture01
20140329 graph drawing_dainiak_lecture01
 
20140310 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture03-04
20140310 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture03-0420140310 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture03-04
20140310 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture03-04
 
20140223-SuffixTrees-lecture01-03
20140223-SuffixTrees-lecture01-0320140223-SuffixTrees-lecture01-03
20140223-SuffixTrees-lecture01-03
 
20140216 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture01
20140216 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture0120140216 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture01
20140216 parallel programming_kalishenko_lecture01
 
20131106 h10 lecture6_matiyasevich
20131106 h10 lecture6_matiyasevich20131106 h10 lecture6_matiyasevich
20131106 h10 lecture6_matiyasevich
 
20131027 h10 lecture5_matiyasevich
20131027 h10 lecture5_matiyasevich20131027 h10 lecture5_matiyasevich
20131027 h10 lecture5_matiyasevich
 
20131027 h10 lecture5_matiyasevich
20131027 h10 lecture5_matiyasevich20131027 h10 lecture5_matiyasevich
20131027 h10 lecture5_matiyasevich
 
20131013 h10 lecture4_matiyasevich
20131013 h10 lecture4_matiyasevich20131013 h10 lecture4_matiyasevich
20131013 h10 lecture4_matiyasevich
 
20131006 h10 lecture3_matiyasevich
20131006 h10 lecture3_matiyasevich20131006 h10 lecture3_matiyasevich
20131006 h10 lecture3_matiyasevich
 
20131006 h10 lecture3_matiyasevich
20131006 h10 lecture3_matiyasevich20131006 h10 lecture3_matiyasevich
20131006 h10 lecture3_matiyasevich
 

20110306 csseminar cg_illustrations_vyatkina

  • 1. þ þ þ ¹ ¾¼½½ º þ þ
  • 2. þ ½ þ ¾ ¿ þ þ
  • 3. þ S ⊂ R2 þ þ
  • 4. þ S ⊂ R2 þ CH(S) S ¸ S þ þ
  • 5. þ S ⊂ R2 þ CH(S) S ¸ S CH(S) ¸ S þ þ
  • 6. þ P n þ þ
  • 7. þ P n CH(P) S þ þ
  • 8. þ ü þ þ
  • 9. þ ü þ þ
  • 10. þ ü þ þ
  • 11. þ ü Ω(n log n) þ þ
  • 12. þ
  • 13. þ þ
  • 14. þ
  • 15. p1 þ þ
  • 16. þ
  • 17. p1 þ þ
  • 18. þ
  • 19. p8 p5 p6 p7 p4 p3 p9 p2 p1 þ þ
  • 20. þ
  • 21. p8 p5 p6 p7 p4 p3 p9 p2 p1 þ þ
  • 22. þ
  • 23. p8 p5 p6 p7 p4 p3 p9 p2 p1 þ þ
  • 24. þ
  • 25. p8 p5 p6 p7 p4 p3 p9 p2 p1 þ þ
  • 26. þ
  • 27. p8 p5 p6 p7 p4 p3 p9 p2 p1 þ þ
  • 28. þ
  • 29. p8 p5 p6 p7 p4 p3 p9 p2 p1 þ þ
  • 30. þ
  • 31. p8 p5 p6 p7 p4 p3 p9 p2 p1 þ þ
  • 32. þ
  • 33. p8 p5 p6 p7 p4 p3 p9 p2 p1 þ þ
  • 34. þ
  • 35. p8 p5 p6 p7 p4 p3 p9 p2 p1 þ þ
  • 36. þ
  • 37. p8 p5 p6 p7 p4 p3 p9 p2 p1 þ þ
  • 38. þ
  • 39. p8 p5 p6 p7 p4 p3 p9 p2 p1 þ þ
  • 40. þ
  • 41. p8 p5 p6 p7 p4 p3 p9 p2 p1 þ þ
  • 42. þ
  • 43. p8 p5 p6 p7 p4 p3 p9 p2 p1 þ þ
  • 44. þ
  • 45. p8 p5 p6 p7 p4 p3 p9 p2 p1 þ þ
  • 46. þ
  • 47. p8 p5 p6 p7 p4 p3 p9 p2 p1 þ þ
  • 48. þ
  • 49. p8 p5 p6 p7 p4 p3 p9 p2 p1 þ þ
  • 50. þ
  • 51. p8 p5 p6 p7 p4 p3 p9 p2 p1 þ þ
  • 52. þ
  • 53. p8 p5 p6 p7 p4 p3 p9 p2 p1 þ þ
  • 54. þ
  • 55. p8 p5 p6 p7 p4 p3 p9 p2 p1 þ þ
  • 56. þ
  • 57. p8 p5 p6 p7 p4 p3 p9 p2 p1 þ þ
  • 58. þ
  • 59. p8 p5 p6 p7 p4 p3 p9 p2 p1 þ þ
  • 60. þ
  • 61. þ þ þ
  • 62. þ
  • 63. þ þ þ
  • 64. þ
  • 65. þ Pi = {p1 , . . . , pi } þ þ
  • 66. þ
  • 67. þ Pi = {p1 , . . . , pi } i¹ CH(Pi ) þ þ
  • 68. þ
  • 69. þ Pi = {p1 , . . . , pi } i¹ CH(Pi ) þ ¡ O(n log n) þ þ
  • 70. þ
  • 71. þ Pi = {p1 , . . . , pi } i¹ CH(Pi ) þ ¡ O(n log n) p1 O(n) þ þ
  • 72. þ
  • 73. þ Pi = {p1 , . . . , pi } i¹ CH(Pi ) þ ¡ O(n log n) p1 O(n) O(n log n) þ þ
  • 74. þ
  • 75. þ Pi = {p1 , . . . , pi } i¹ CH(Pi ) þ ¡ O(n log n) p1 O(n) O(n log n) O(n) þ þ
  • 76. þ
  • 77. þ Pi = {p1 , . . . , pi } i¹ CH(Pi ) þ ¡ O(n log n) p1 O(n) O(n log n) O(n) þ þ þ
  • 78. þ
  • 79. þ Pi = {p1 , . . . , pi } i¹ CH(Pi ) þ ¡ O(n log n) p1 O(n) O(n log n) O(n) þ p2 ¸ ººº¸ pn þ þ
  • 80. þ
  • 81. þ Pi = {p1 , . . . , pi } i¹ CH(Pi ) þ ¡ O(n log n) p1 O(n) O(n log n) O(n) þ p2 ¸ ººº¸ pn ¸ n−1 þ þ
  • 82. þ
  • 83. þ Pi = {p1 , . . . , pi } i¹ CH(Pi ) þ ¡ O(n log n) p1 O(n) O(n log n) O(n) þ p2 ¸ ººº¸ pn ¸ n−1 O(n) þ þ
  • 84. þ þ þ
  • 85. þ p1 þ þ
  • 86. þ p1 þ þ
  • 87. þ p1 þ þ
  • 88. þ p2 p1 þ þ
  • 89. þ p2 p1 þ þ
  • 90. þ p2 p1 þ þ
  • 91. þ p3 p2 p1 þ þ
  • 92. þ p3 p2 p1 þ þ
  • 93. þ p4 p3 p2 p1 þ þ
  • 94. þ p4 p5 p3 p2 p1 þ þ
  • 95. þ p4 p5 p6 p3 p2 p1 þ þ
  • 96. þ p4 p5 p6 p3 p2 p1 þ þ
  • 97. þ þ þ
  • 98. þ CH(P) þ þ
  • 99. þ CH(P) þ ¡ O(nh)¸ h CH(P) þ þ
  • 100. þ CH(P) þ ¡ O(nh)¸ h CH(P) ü ¸ þ þ
  • 101. þ CH(P) þ ¡ O(nh)¸ h CH(P) ü ¸ O(n) þ þ
  • 103. ¸ O(n log n) þ þ
  • 105. ¸ O(n log n) ½ ¿ ¸ O(nh) þ þ
  • 107. ¸ O(n log n) ½ ¿ ¸ O(nh) ½ ¸ O(n log h) þ þ
  • 109. ¸ O(n log n) ½ ¿ ¸ O(nh) ½ ¸ O(n log h) þ þ
  • 111. ¸ O(n log n) ½ ¿ ¸ O(nh) ½ ¸ O(n log h) ½ ¸ O(n log h) þ þ
  • 112. þ ü m≤n þ þ
  • 113. þ ü m≤n n r = ⌈m⌉ þ þ
  • 114. þ ü m≤n n r = ⌈m⌉ P r P1 ¸ º º º ¸ Pr |P1 | = · · · = |Pr −1 | = m¸ |Pr | ≤ m þ þ
  • 115. þ ü m≤n n r = ⌈m⌉ P r P1 ¸ º º º ¸ Pr |P1 | = · · · = |Pr −1 | = m¸ |Pr | ≤ m Pi CH(Pi )
  • 116. þ þ
  • 117. þ ü m≤n n r = ⌈m⌉ P r P1 ¸ º º º ¸ Pr |P1 | = · · · = |Pr −1 | = m¸ |Pr | ≤ m Pi CH(Pi )
  • 118. þ þ
  • 119. þ ü þ þ
  • 120. þ ü þ þ
  • 121. þ ü þ þ
  • 122. þ ü p1 þ þ
  • 123. þ ü p1 þ þ
  • 124. þ ü p1 þ þ
  • 125. þ ü p2 p1 þ þ
  • 126. þ ü p2 p1 þ þ
  • 127. þ þ þ
  • 128. þ CH(Pi ) O(m log m) þ þ
  • 129. þ CH(Pi ) O(m log m) O(rm log m) = O(n log m) þ þ
  • 130. þ CH(Pi ) O(m log m) O(rm log m) = O(n log m) þ þ
  • 131. þ CH(Pi ) O(m log m) O(rm log m) = O(n log m) CH(Pi ) O(log m) þ þ
  • 132. þ CH(Pi ) O(m log m) O(rm log m) = O(n log m) CH(Pi ) O(log m) CH(P) O(r log m) þ þ
  • 133. þ CH(Pi ) O(m log m) O(rm log m) = O(n log m) CH(Pi ) O(log m) CH(P) O(r log m) CH(P) n O(hr log m) = O(h · m · log m) þ þ
  • 134. þ CH(Pi ) O(m log m) O(rm log m) = O(n log m) CH(Pi ) O(log m) CH(P) O(r log m) CH(P) n O(hr log m) = O(h · m · log m) n O n+h· m log m þ þ
  • 135. þ CH(Pi ) O(m log m) O(rm log m) = O(n log m) CH(Pi ) O(log m) CH(P) O(r log m) CH(P) n O(hr log m) = O(h · m · log m) n O n+h· m log m m = h O(n log h) þ þ
  • 136. þ È ÖØ ÐÀÙÐдP ¸mµ ½ n r ← ⌈m⌉ ¾ P → P1 , . . . , Pr ¿ ÓÖ i ← 1 ØÓ r Ó CH(Pi ) p1 ← P ´ µ ÓÖ k ← 1 ØÓ m Ó pk+1 CH(P) pk+1 = p1 Ø Ò Ö ØÙÖÒ ´ ´p1 ¸ º º º ¸ pk µ µ ½¼ Ö ØÙÖÒ m þ þ
  • 137. þ È ÖØ ÐÀÙÐдP ¸mµ ½ n r ← ⌈m⌉ ¾ P → P1 , . . . , Pr ¿ ÓÖ i ← 1 ØÓ r £ O(r · m log m) = O(n log m) Ó CH(Pi ) p1 ← P ´ µ ÓÖ k ← 1 ØÓ m £ O(m · r log m) = O(n log m) Ó pk+1 CH(P) pk+1 = p1 Ø Ò Ö ØÙÖÒ ´ ´p1 ¸ º º º ¸ pk µ µ ½¼ Ö ØÙÖÒ m þ þ
  • 138. þ È ÖØ ÐÀÙÐдP ¸mµ ½ n r ← ⌈m⌉ ¾ P → P1 , . . . , Pr ¿ ÓÖ i ← 1 ØÓ r Ó CH(Pi ) p1 ← P ´ µ ÓÖ k ← 1 ØÓ m Ó pk+1 CH(P) pk+1 = p1 Ø Ò Ö ØÙÖÒ ´ ´p1 ¸ º º º ¸ pk µ µ ½¼ Ö ØÙÖÒ m þ O(n log m) þ þ
  • 139. þ ÓÒÚ ÜÀÙÐдP µ ½ ÓÖ t ← 1, 2, 3, . . . Ó m ← min{22 , n} t ¾ ¿ L ← È ÖØ ÐÀÙÐдP ¸mµ L= m Ø Ò Ö ØÙÖÒ L þ þ
  • 140. þ ÓÒÚ ÜÀÙÐдP µ ½ ÓÖ t ← 1, 2, 3, . . . Ó m ← min{22 , n} t ¾ ¿ L ← È ÖØ ÐÀÙÐдP ¸mµ L= m Ø Ò Ö ØÙÖÒ L ü t = ⌈log log h⌉ þ þ
  • 141. þ ü t þ t O(n log 22 ) = O(n · 2t ) þ þ
  • 142. þ ü t þ t O(n log 22 ) = O(n · 2t ) ⌈log log h⌉ O(n · 2t ) t=1 þ þ
  • 143. þ ü t þ t O(n log 22 ) = O(n · 2t ) ⌈log log h⌉ O(n · 2t ) t=1 ⌈log log h⌉ n · 2t n · 2⌈log log h⌉+1 4n · 2log log h = 4n log h t=1 þ þ
  • 144. þ ü t þ t O(n log 22 ) = O(n · 2t ) ⌈log log h⌉ O(n · 2t ) t=1 ⌈log log h⌉ n · 2t n · 2⌈log log h⌉+1 4n · 2log log h = 4n log h t=1 þ ¡ O(n log h) þ þ
  • 145. þ ü t þ t O(n log 22 ) = O(n · 2t ) ⌈log log h⌉ O(n · 2t ) t=1 ⌈log log h⌉ n · 2t n · 2⌈log log h⌉+1 4n · 2log log h = 4n log h t=1 þ ¡ O(n log h) O(n) þ þ
  • 146. þ ½ þ ¾ ¿ þ þ
  • 147. þ P n þ þ
  • 148. þ P n ¸ P þ þ
  • 149. þ P þ þ
  • 150. þ P P¸ ¸ þ þ
  • 151. þ P P¸ ¸ P þ þ
  • 152. þ 1≤i ≤n þ þ
  • 153. þ 1≤i ≤n Pi = {p1 , . . . , pi } þ þ
  • 154. þ 1≤i ≤n Pi = {p1 , . . . , pi } Ci Pi þ þ
  • 155. þ
  • 156. Ê Ò ÓÑÈ ÖÑÙØ Ø ÓÒ´Aµ ½ ÓÖ k ← n ÓÛÒØÓ ¾ ¾ Ó rndIndex ← Ê Ò ÓÑ´k µ ¿ A[k] ↔ A[rndIndex] A ¸ Ê Ò ÓÑ´k µ [1, k] O(1) þ þ
  • 157. þ
  • 158. Ê Ò ÓÑÈ ÖÑÙØ Ø ÓÒ´Aµ ½ ÓÖ k ← n ÓÛÒØÓ ¾ ¾ Ó rndIndex ← Ê Ò ÓÑ´k µ ¿ A[k] ↔ A[rndIndex] A ¸ Ê Ò ÓÑ´k µ [1, k] O(1) ∀a ∈ A¸ a j 1/n¸ 1≤j ≤n þ þ
  • 159. þ ½ pi Ci −1 ¸ Ci = Ci −1 pi Ci −1 ¸ Ci pi þ þ
  • 160. þ ½ pi Ci −1 ¸ Ci = Ci −1 pi Ci −1 ¸ Ci pi pi+1 Ci+1 pi Ci-1=Ci þ þ
  • 161. þ ÅÒ Ö Ð ´P µ ½ P ¾ C2 ← p1 p2 ¿ ÓÖ i ← 3 ØÓ n Ó pi Ci −1 Ø Ò Ci ← Ci −1 Ð× Ci ← Å Ò Ö Ð ¹½´Pi −1 ¸ pi µ þ þ
  • 162. þ ¾ q ¸ ¸ P¸ q þ þ
  • 163. þ ¾ q ¸ ¸ P¸ q Ciq Pi ¸ q þ þ
  • 164. þ ¾ q ¸ ¸ P¸ q Ciq Pi ¸ q pi Ciq ¸ −1 Ciq = Ciq −1 pi Ciq ¸ −1 Ciq pi þ þ
  • 165. þ ÅÒ Ö Ð ¹½´P ¸q µ ½ P ¾ C1 ← p1 q ¿ ÓÖ j ← 2 ØÓ n Ó pj Cj−1 Ø Ò Cj ← Cj−1 Ð× Cj ← Å Ò Ö Ð ¹¾´Pj−1 ¸ pj ¸ q µ þ þ
  • 166. þ ¿ q1 ¸ q2 ¸ ¸ P¸ q1 q2 þ þ
  • 167. þ ¿ q1 ¸ q2 ¸ ¸ P¸ q1 q2 Ciq1 ,q2 Pi ¸ q1 q2 þ þ
  • 168. þ ¿ q1 ¸ q2 ¸ ¸ P¸ q1 q2 Ciq1 ,q2 Pi ¸ q1 q2 pi Ciq1 ,q2 ¸ −1 Ciq1 ,q2 = Ciq1 ,q2 −1 pi Ciq1 ,q2 ¸ −1 Ciq1 ,q2 pi þ þ
  • 169. þ ÅÒ Ö Ð ¹¾´P ¸q1 ¸ q2 µ ½ C0 ← q1 q2 ¾ ÓÖ k ← 1 ØÓ n ¿ Ó pk Ck−1 Ø Ò Ck ← Ck−1 Ð× Ck ← ¸ q1 ¸ q2 pk þ þ
  • 170. þ ü ÅÒ Ö Ð ¹¾´P µ þ þ
  • 171. þ ü ÅÒ Ö Ð ¹¾´P µ þ O(n) þ þ
  • 172. þ ü ÅÒ Ö Ð ¹¾´P µ þ O(n) ÅÒ Ö Ð ¹½´P µ þ þ
  • 173. þ ü ÅÒ Ö Ð ¹¾´P µ þ O(n) ÅÒ Ö Ð ¹½´P µ þ Å Ò Ö Ð ¹¾ j 2/j þ þ
  • 174. þ ü ÅÒ Ö Ð ¹¾´P µ þ O(n) ÅÒ Ö Ð ¹½´P µ þ Å Ò Ö Ð ¹¾ j 2/j n O(n) + O(j) 2 = O(n) j j=2 þ þ
  • 175. þ ü ÅÒ Ö Ð ¹¾´P µ þ O(n) ÅÒ Ö Ð ¹½´P µ þ Å Ò Ö Ð ¹¾ j 2/j n O(n) + O(j) 2 = O(n) j j=2 ÅÒ Ö Ð ´P µ þ þ
  • 176. þ ü ÅÒ Ö Ð ¹¾´P µ þ O(n) ÅÒ Ö Ð ¹½´P µ þ Å Ò Ö Ð ¹¾ j 2/j n O(n) + O(j) 2 = O(n) j j=2 ÅÒ Ö Ð ´P µ þ Å Ò Ö Ð ¹½ i 3/i þ þ
  • 177. þ ü ÅÒ Ö Ð ¹¾´P µ þ O(n) ÅÒ Ö Ð ¹½´P µ þ Å Ò Ö Ð ¹¾ j 2/j n O(n) + O(j) 2 = O(n) j j=2 ÅÒ Ö Ð ´P µ þ Å Ò Ö Ð ¹½ i 3/i n O(n) + O(i) 3 = O(n) i i =3 þ þ
  • 178. þ ü ÅÒ Ö Ð ¹¾´P µ þ O(n) ÅÒ Ö Ð ¹½´P µ þ Å Ò Ö Ð ¹¾ j 2/j n O(n) + O(j) 2 = O(n) j j=2 ÅÒ Ö Ð ´P µ þ Å Ò Ö Ð ¹½ i 3/i n O(n) + O(i) 3 = O(n) i i =3 O(n) þ þ
  • 179. þ ü ÅÒ Ö Ð ¹¾´P µ þ O(n) ÅÒ Ö Ð ¹½´P µ þ Å Ò Ö Ð ¹¾ j 2/j n O(n) + O(j) 2 = O(n) j j=2 ÅÒ Ö Ð ´P µ þ Å Ò Ö Ð ¹½ i 3/i n O(n) + O(i) 3 = O(n) i i =3 O(n) O(n) þ þ
  • 180. þ ½ þ ¾ ¿ þ þ
  • 181. þ P n þ þ
  • 182. þ P n P þ þ
  • 183. þ þ þ
  • 184. þ þ þ
  • 185. þ p = (a, b) → ℓ y = ax + b ℓ y = kx + d → p = (−k, d) y y x x þ þ
  • 186. þ p = (a, b) → ℓ y = ax + b ℓ y = kx + d → p = (−k, d) y y p1 x x l1 þ þ
  • 187. þ p = (a, b) → ℓ y = ax + b ℓ y = kx + d → p = (−k, d) y y p2 p1 x l2 x l1 þ þ
  • 188. þ p = (a, b) → ℓ y = ax + b ℓ y = kx + d → p = (−k, d) y y p2 p1 x l2 x p3 l3 l1 þ þ
  • 189. þ p = (a, b) → ℓ y = ax + b ℓ y = kx + d → p = (−k, d) y y l4 p2 p1 x l2 x p4 p3 l3 l1 þ þ
  • 190. þ p = (a, b) → ℓ y = ax + b ℓ y = kx + d → p = (−k, d) y y l4 p2 p13 p1 x l2 x p4 p3 l13 l3 l1 þ þ
  • 191. þ p = (a, b) → ℓ y = ax + b ℓ y = kx + d → p = (−k, d) y y p5 p13 p1 x x l5 p3 l13 l3 l1 þ þ
  • 192. þ p = (a, b) → ℓ y = ax + b ℓ y = kx + d → p = (−k, d) y y h p5 p13 h p1 x x l5 p3 l13 l3 l1 þ þ
  • 193. þ þ þ
  • 194. þ △pi pj pk þ þ
  • 195. þ lk pij △pi pj pk pij ¸ lk þ þ
  • 196. þ lk pij △pi pj pk pij ¸ lk O(n) þ þ
  • 197. þ lk pij △pi pj pk pij ¸ lk O(n) þ ¡ O(n2 ) þ þ
  • 198. þ lk pij △pi pj pk pij ¸ lk O(n) þ ¡ O(n2 ) O(n2 ) þ þ
  • 199. þ ½ ź Ö ¸ Ǻ ÓÒ ¸ ź Ú Ò ÃÖ Ú Ð ¸ ź ÇÚ ÖÑ Ö׸ ÓÑÔÙØ Ø ÓÒ Ð ÓÑ ØÖÝ Ð ÓÖ Ø Ñ× Ò ÔÔÐ Ø ÓÒ× ¸ Ì Ö Ø ÓÒ¸ ËÔÖ Ò Ö¸ ¾¼¼ º ¾ º dzÊÓÙÖ ¸ ÓÑÔÙØ Ø ÓÒ Ð ÓÑ ØÖÝ Ò ¸ Ë ÓÒ Ø ÓÒ¸ Ñ Ö ÍÒ Ú Ö× ØÝ ÈÖ ×׸ ½ º ¿ º¹ º Ó ××ÓÒÒ Ø¸ ź Ú Ò ¸ ¡ÓÑ¡ØÖ Ð ÓÖ Ø Ñ ÕÙ ¸ × Ò ÒØ ÖÒ Ø ÓÒ Ð¸ È Ö ×¸ ½ º º ¸ º ¸ þ ¸ º º¸ º¸ ¸½ º º ÅÓÙÒظ ÓÑÔÙØ Ø ÓÒ Ð ÓÑ ØÖÝ Ä ØÙÖ ÆÓØ × ¸ ÐÐ ¾¼¼¾¸ ØØÔ »»ÛÛÛº ׺ÙÑ º Ù» ÑÓÙÒØ» »Ä Ø×» Ð Ø×ºÔ þ þ
  • 200. þ ½ ʺ ĺ Ö Ñ¸ Ò ÒØ Ð ÓÖ Ø Ñ× ÓÖ Ø ÖÑ Ò Ò Ø ÓÒÚ Ü ÙÐÐ Ó Ò Ø ÔÐ Ò Ö × Ø ¸ ÁÒ Óº ÈÖÓ º Ä Øغ¸ ½ ½¿¾ ½¿¿¸ ½ ¾º ¾ ʺ º  ÖÚ ×¸ ÇÒ Ø ÒØ Ø ÓÒ Ó Ø ÓÒÚ Ü ÙÐÐ Ó ÒØ × Ø Ó ÔÓ ÒØ× Ò Ø ÔÐ Ò ¸ ÁÒ Óº ÈÖÓ º Ä Øغ¸ ¾ ½ ¾½¸ ½ ¿º ¿ º º Ã Ö Ô ØÖ ¸ ʺ Ë Ð¸ Ì ÙÐØ Ñ Ø ÔÐ Ò Ö ÓÒÚ Ü ÙÐÐ Ð ÓÖ Ø Ñ ¸ ËÁ Šº ÓÑÔÙغ¸ ½ ´½µ ¾ ¾ ¸½ º ̺ Ò¸ ÇÔØ Ñ Ð ÓÙØÔÙØ¹× Ò× Ø Ú ÓÒÚ Ü ÙÐÐ Ð ÓÖ Ø Ñ× Ò ØÛÓ Ò Ø Ö Ñ Ò× ÓÒ× ¸ × Öº ÓÑÔº ÓѺ¸ ½ ¿ ½ ¿ ¸ ½ º º Ï ÐÞи ËÑ ÐÐ ×Ø Ò ÐÓ× Ò × × ´ ÐÐ× Ò ÐÐ Ô×Ó ×µ ¸ Ò Àº Å ÙÖ Ö ´ ºµ¸ Æ Û Ê ×ÙÐØ× Ò Æ Û ÌÖ Ò × Ò ÓÑÔÙØ Ö Ë Ò ¸ ÄÆ Ë¸ ¿ ¿ ¼¸ ËÔÖ Ò Ö¸ ½ ½º º Þ ÐÐ ¸ ĺ º ٠׸ º ̺ Ä ¸ Ì ÔÓÛ Ö Ó ÓÑ ØÖ Ù Ð ØÝ ¸ Á̸ ¾ ¼¸ ½ º þ þ