1. Basics of Macroeconomic Policies Sy Sarkarat, Ph. D. United States Fulbright Scholar for Azerbaijan State Economics University , Baku, Azerbaijan. Fall 2008 Copy Rights: This lecture was prepared to CRRC and it is designed for educational purpose not for profit.

3. The Business Cycle Trough Peak Peak Peak Trough REAL GDP (units per time period) TIME Growth trend

4. Macro Equilibrium PRICE LEVEL (average price) REAL OUTPUT (quantity per year) D 1 S 1 Q E P E Aggregate demand Aggregate supply P 1 E

6. An Undesired Equilibrium PRICE LEVEL (average price) Q E P E Aggregate demand Aggregate supply E Equilibrium output Full-employment output Q F P* F

8. The Business Cycle in U.S. History Korean War World War II Vietnam War Great Depression Source: U.S. Bureau of the census, The Statistics of the U.S.A. Growth recession Long-term average growth (3%) Recession

9. Inflation and Unemployment: 1900-1940 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 24 20 16 12 8 4 0 – 4 – 8 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 Inflation Unemployment

10. Macro Disturbances AS 0 PRICE LEVEL (average price) REAL OUTPUT (quantity per year) ( b ) Demand shifts AD 0 AD 0 AS 0 PRICE LEVEL (average price) REAL OUTPUT (quantity per year) ( a ) Supply shifts F P* Q F AD 1 F P* Q F AS 1 G P 1 Q 1 P 2 Q 2 H

15. The Multiplier Process 1. $100 billion in unsold goods appear 3. Income reduced by $100 billion 4. Consumption reduced by $75 billion 5. Sales fall $75 billion 6. Further cutbacks in employment or wages 7. Income reduced by $75 billion more 8. Consumption reduced by $56.25 billion more Factor markets Product markets Business firms Households 9. And so on 2. Cutbacks in employment or wages

17. The Multiplier Cycles

18. The Multiplier

26. Constraints on Monetary Stimulus Inelastic demand Investment demand Rate Of Investment 7 6 0 Interest Rate Inelastic investment demand can also impede monetary policy A liquidity trap can stop interest rates from falling The liquidity trap Interest Rate E 1 E 2 g 1 g 2 Quantity Of Money Demand for money

27. Shifts of Aggregate Supply AS 2 E 2 Rightward AS shifts reduce unemployment and inflation AS 1 E 1 Output (real GDP per period) 0 Price Level (average price per unit of output) AD

34. Supply-Side Theories AD 0 AS 0 REAL OUTPUT (quantity per year) PRICE LEVEL (average price) Q 3 P 3 Q F E 0 P 0 AS 1 E 3

36. Changes in Marginal Tax Rates Since 1915

40. Consumer Confidence