econometrics health economics adherence fixed effects health affairs copay elasticity pbm pharmacy benefit design pharmacoeconomics health care costs medication possession ratio medication roebuck cost endogeneity prescription drug utilization persistency vbid compliance medication adherence mpr pharmacy benefit gdr health services research mdr generic dispensing reimportation prescription drug importation donut hole medicare part d doughnut hole propensity score matching instrumental variables modeling boosted regression predictive modeling healthcare costs prescription drug depression medical cost offset
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