2. Knowledge Check List
• Reasons for global increase in tourism
• Potential of cities, mountains and coasts for tourism development
• Economic importance of tourism to contrasting parts of the world
• Contribution of tourism to the UK economy
• Impact of external factors on visitor numbers to the UK
• Tourist area/ resort life cycle model
• The meaning of mass tourism
• The positives and negatives of mass tourism
• Strategies for maintaining tourism and reducing the impacts of it
• The attraction of extreme environments
• The impact of tourism on extreme environments
• The need for stewardship and conservation
• How tourism can help sustainable development
4. Growth in Tourism
Why is tourism growing?
1)
2)
3)
4)
Why are some areas getting
more popular?
1)
2)
3)
5. Growth in Tourism
Why is tourism growing?
1) More disposable income
around the globe
2) More paid holiday / holiday
entitlement
3) Travel is cheaper /
Technology is better
4) Holiday Providers and range
of holiday destinations up
5) Media / TV
Why are some areas getting
more popular?
1) Improvement in transport
2) Better marketing
3) Improved infrastructure
7. What’s the attraction?
Type
Coast/
City/
Mountains
CITY MOUTAINS COSTAL
Attractions CULTURE
ENTERTAINMENT
SHOPPING
SCENERY
WALKING
CLIMBING
SKIING
SNOW BOARDING
SWIMMING
SNORKELLING
FISHING
WATER SPORTS
SEA SIDE RESORTS
Examples LONDON, NEW YORK,
PARIS, ROME
ALPS, ROCKIES CARRIBEAN
THAILAND
8. Theory- Importance of Tourism
• Creates jobs for local people which helps the
economy grow
• Increase the income of businesses that supply
tourism
• Important to rich and poor countries in
bringing in money and jobs
• Poorer countries are more dependent on
tourism (UK 3% of GNP Vs 15% of Kenya)
9. Questions...
Give two reasons why tourism is an important economic activity (2 marks).
__________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
Contrast the economic importance of tourism in rich and poor countries (2 marks).
__________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
11. Explain why the UK is a popular tourist
destination. (4 marks)
Key Ideas:
-Transport links & infrastructure
-Attractions
-Marketing
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
12. Explain the factors that lead to
increasing and decreasing tourism in
the UK
• Cheap package flights to the Mediterranean since
1970 allowed UK working classes the chance of
guaranteed hot sunny weather.
• Higher expectations by the paying public.
• Traditional bucket and spade holidays lose their
fashionable appeal.
• Longer holidays allow fortnight bookings,
encouraging overseas holidays.
• Lack of investment from local authorities causes the
infrastructure to become run-down eg flaky
paintwork and graffiti – discouraging future visits.
13. Annotate the Butler Life Cycle Model
Time
Key Ideas:
Exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation, rejuvenation, decline
14. UK Case Study: Blackpool
Stages:
• 1860s – seaside becomes fashionable for the affluent/wealthy as
railways make coastal resorts accessible.
• 1890s – Day trippers include factory workers helped with bank
holiday excursion trains.
• 1920s – One week factory holidays increases the tourists/staying
visitors.
• 1950s – increased paid holidays with a post-war economic boom.
• 1970s – decline due mainly to overseas package tours.
• 1980s – resort either:-
- declines eg Herne bay;
- rejuvenates itself eg Blackpool
- Uncovers niche market eg oyster festival at Whitstable
15. UK Case Study: Blackpool
To counter the Mediterranean competition Blackpool now:-
• Offers wet weather facilities such as indoor swimming pools,
• Extended the ‘illuminations’ season through until November,
• Diversified with year round activities such as Business
Conferences,
• Built a range of night clubs to successfully tap into the ‘stag-
do-hen-party’ market,
• Expanded the range of rides such as the rollercoaster.
16. UK Case Study: Blackpool
• Voted UK’s favourite seaside resort
• Winter Illuminations ‘breathtaking’
• 1.3 million visitors at least per year
• 19,000 tourist related jobs
NB Football team gaining promotion into the
Premier League helps.
17. Mass Tourism
• Definition: refers to the act of large numbers of people
staying in the same place such as the Spanish Costas in
the 1970s and 80s.
18. Mass Tourism
“Mass tourism is organised tourism for large
numbers of people.”
Positives Negatives
Economic
Impacts
Social Impacts
Environmenta
l Impacts
19. Mass Tourism
“Mass tourism is organised tourism for large
numbers of people.”
Positives Negatives
Economic
Impacts
•Bring money to local economy
•Creates jobs for locals
•Boost local economy supplying
tourism
•A lot of the profit is kept by the large
travel companies
Social Impacts •More jobs= young people stay in
area
•Improved roads, communications
and infrastructure
•Tourism income can be invested
into community projects
•Tourism jobs available to locals badly
paid and seasonal
•Traffic congestion & inconvenience
•Behaviour of some tourists
Environmenta
l Impacts
•Income from tourism can be
reinvested in protecting
environment
•Transportation releases green house
gas
•Increased litter and pollution
•Destruction of local wild life e.g. Boats
damage coral
20. Increasing Tourism and Reducing the Impact
Ways to reduce negative
impacts:
1.
2.
3.
Maintaining Tourism
B
R
A
C
I
O
21. Increasing Tourism and Reducing the Impact
Ways to reduce negative
impacts:
1. Improve public transport
less congestion & pollution
2. Limit numbers to sensitive
sites
3. Provide bins for litter
Maintaining Tourism
Build new facitlites
Reduce impacts that make
tourism less effective
Advetise and market
Cheaper to visit
Improve transport infrastructure
Offer new activites
22. Extreme Tourism (Holiday to Extreme Environment)
Extreme Tourism
Attractions
Reasons for
Increasing
Damage to the
Environment
23. Extreme Tourism (Holiday to Extreme Environment)
Extreme Tourism
Attractions
Reasons for
Increasing
Damage to the
Environment
Adventure holidays
Different & exciting
Risk
Wildlife
Scenery
Improved
transport
Last chance to see
More
disposable
income
Adverts & TV
programmes
Trees cut
down for
fuel
Deforestation
destroys
habitats
Deforestation
leads to
flooding
Less roots leads to soil
erosion
Footpath
erosion
Water
pollution
- Sewage
24. Extreme Tourism (Holiday to Extreme Environment): Case
Study - Antartica
Why?
scenery, wildlife, activities like cruises, kayaking, climbing, helicopter rides.
Why has it increased in popularity?
more thrill seekers, more activities, more accessible, appeals to tourists, ship
sizes increased. 9000 tourists in 1992 has grown to 37000 in 2006 and 46000 in
2008 and the numbers are expected to double over the next 10 years. 100+
companies offer extreme holidays to Antartica.
Impacts: sea pollution, littering, fragile resources.
Sustainability: supervision of tourists means; no littering, no contact with
animals, no walking on lichens, no trespassing, permit must be gained for
activities.
can be more sustainable by increasing the amount of people per boat and
increasing the amount of supervisors.
25. Extreme Tourism (Holiday to Extreme Environment): Case
Study - Antartica
Case Study:
Tourism in
Antartica/Southern ocean
Impacts
Sustainable
management
Visitor Numbers
Why go?
Cruise
Ships
Over-flights
Glacial landscapes , wildlife
– seals whales and
penguins
Camping
Naturalist, photographers,
journalists
6700 in 1992
45,000 in 2009
1000-5000 researchers a year
Over flying
causing stress
Foot prints
remain for a
long time
Tern
colonies
suffer
disturbances
Damage –
natural causes
Code of
conduct
No litter
Scott Polar
research
Antarctic
tourism shows
environmental
concern
26. Ecotourism
viewing small benefits environment local responsibility
protecting conserving harm
Tourism that does not __________ the environment and
__________ the __________ people
Involves:
Conservation: __________ & managing __________
Stewardship: Taking __________ for __________
environment
Should involve local people & local organisations
Normally __________ scale with a small number of tourists
Activities often involve wildlife __________ and walking
27. Ecotourism
• Tourism that does not harm the environment and
benefits the local people
• Involves:
– Conservation protecting & managing
environment
– Stewardship Taking responsibility for conserving
environment
• Should involve local people & local organisations
• Normally small scale with a small number of tourists
• Activities often involve wildlife viewing and walking
29. Environmental Benefits
-Local people encouraged to conserve the
environment
-Reduces poaching and hunting
-Reduce the use of fossil fuel
-Waste is carefully disposed of
Economic Benefits
-Creates jobs for local people
-Additional local employment
Benefits for local people
-Locals have better more stable income
-Many schemes have a community projects
fund
Sustainable Development
-Improve quality of life but doesn’t stop the
future getting that they need
-Aids local development
-Development without damage to the
environment
30. Review...
• Reasons for global increase in tourism
• Potential of cities, mountains and coasts for tourism development
• Economic importance of tourism to contrasting parts of the world
• Contribution of tourism to the UK economy
• Impact of external factors on visitor numbers to the UK
• Tourist area/ resort life cycle model
• The meaning of mass tourism
• The positives and negatives of mass tourism
• Strategies for maintaining tourism and reducing the impacts of it
• The attraction of extreme environments
• The impact of tourism on extreme environments
• The need for stewardship and conservation
• How tourism can help sustainable development
