The document provides an overview of music during the Middle Ages (450-1450 CE) in 3 paragraphs. It discusses the social hierarchy and culture. Gregorian chant was the official music of the Catholic Church and represented without individual expression. Secular music included songs by troubadours and instrumental dances. Polyphony developed between the 8th-12th centuries by adding additional vocal lines above a chant. The ars nova style emerged in the 14th century with new notation, rhythmic complexity including syncopation.

1. Part II The Middle Ages and Renaissance 2011 © McGraw-Hill Higher Education Music: An Appreciation 7 th Brief Edition By: Roger Kamien