1. Connected Urban Development
Global Conference 2008
Connected and Sustainable Energy
Energy Efficiency Perspectives:
Intelligent Networks and
The Challenge of
Zero Energy Buildings
Stephen Selkowitz
Department Head, Building Technologies Department
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
seselkowitz@lbl.gov
510/486-5064
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

2. Defining the Energy/Climate Change Problem:
5 Supply Perspectives and 1 Demand
Carbon Storage Solar power
Biofuels
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Wind power
Nuclear

3. U.S. End-Use Energy Split
Building Energy Use:
39% total U.S. energy
40% of carbon emissions
71% electricity
54% of natural gas
Fastest growth rate!
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

4. Building Energy Use
No “silver bullet” solutions: heating, cooling and lighting dominate but must
address complexity of end use splits, which vary by sector and climate
39% total U.S. energy
71% electricity, 54% of natural gas
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

5. National Lighting Energy Consumption
390 Billion kWh used for lighting in all
commercial buildings in 2001
LED (<.1%)
HID
22% Incandescent
40%
Fluorescent
38%
Lighting Energy Consumption by Major Breakdown of Lighting Energy
Sector and Light Source Type
Source: Navigant Consulting, Inc., U.S. Lighting Market Characterization, Volume I: National Lighting Inventory and, Energy Consumption
Estimate, Final Report for US DOE, 2002
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

6. Commercial Building Lighting wastes energy because
dimming lighting controls are not widely used
All Lighting Should be:
• Dimmable
• Addressable
• (Affordable)
Major Lighting Control
Strategies
Vacancy Detection or Scheduling
Automatic Dimming with Daylight
Tuning Strategies
Personal dimming controls
Institutional requirements
Lumen Maintenance
Demand Response

7. Good Lighting Controls (Daylight Dimming) Work
Daily Energy Use (6 A.M to 6 P.M.)
kWh/12 hr/zone
40
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35 advanced
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demonstration
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After retrofit:
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 South zone:
Day of Year 1990 North zone:
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

8. Making Lighting Controls Intelligent:
Adding Wireless Communications Capabilities to Ballasts
Mesh Networks: Wireless
Lighting Controls:
Single Chip Mote Feasibility
Demonstrated
Wireless Control by single-
chip mote demonstrated in
ACM & Ballast
Single Chip mounted to a board
for integration with lighting
components
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

9. Potential Impacts of Advanced Lighting
Controls in California Buildings
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

10. The New York Times
HQ Building
Owners program:
• 52 floors, 160,000 sq.M
• Highly glazed façade gives workers views and allows
the city to see “news” at work
• But glare, cooling, visibility etc
Need/Goal:
• Develop integrated , automated shading and
dimmable lighting system
– Affordable, reliable and robust
• Transform the market- push these solutions toward
widespread use
Challenge:
• How to develop a workable integrated
hardware/software solution
• How to “guarantee” that such a solution will work in
practice
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

11. Approach: Test Performance of Systems
Options in a Full-Scale Mockup of part of a floor North 12
A
B
Evaluate Shading,
daylighting, employee
feedback and constructability
in a ~4500 sf testbed
Fully instrumented; 1 year
testing
Concerns with glass facade:
– Window glare (Tv=0.75)
– Control of solar gain/cooling
– Daylight harvesting
potential
Lighting Systems
– Daylight dimming
– Addressable systems
– Task tuning
– Load Shed/DR
Real sun and sky conditions,
12-month monitored period
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

12. Extend Testbed Results to All Floors and
Orientations using Simulation Tools 13
Develop Shade Control Algorithms for Motorized Shades
using Simulation Results
• Each shade system has its own sensor and motors
• Performance will vary with orientation, floor elevation, 2
view out, and neighboring buildings.
• How to address performance with this variance?
• Build a virtual model of the building in its urban
context using hourly weather data simulate
performance
17
2
17 18
18 Simulated Views from 3 of
22 view positions
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
3-D Digital model of site

13. Challenge: Verifying Installation and Field Performance
New Tool used by owner to check calibration of installed systems
• High-dynamic range (HDR) digital images
• Captured automatically, processed within 1 minute,
then produces continuous luminance maps of the
scene.
– Accuracy to +/- 10% within 0-5000 cd/m2 range
• R&D tool developed in testbed
• Verifies that installation meets specs
• “Production tool” used by owner in building ----------->
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

14. Intelligent Lighting and Shade Control - now in NYC!
• Dimmable lighting
• Addressable
• (Affordable)
(1/3 original cost estimate)
• (Multifunctional)
Occupied 2007 New York Times office with dimmable
lights and automated shading

15. Controls for Natural Ventilation:
San Francisco Federal Building
Natural ventilation in tower – no mechanical cooling or ventilation in open-plan
perimeter office space
Mechanically operated and manually operated windows
Extensive daylighting, dimmable lighting
Designed with state-of-the-art
simulation tools, EnergyPlus*
and CFD
Control system tested with
EnergyPlus prior to installation
Virtual Controls Testbed - to
optimize the strategies for
opening windows for cooling
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

16. Energy/Demand Management with Active
Façades+ Daylighting Controls
30000
30000 30000
30000
Typical commercial Peak demand reductions
building load profile during curtailments
25000
25000 25000
25000
Electric
Demand Lighting: 75%
20000 Air conditioning: 25%
Reduced
20000 20000
20000
A/C Other: 10% Solar Gain
15000
15000 15000
15000
A/C
Dimmed
Lighting
Lighting
10000
10000 10000
10000
Other
5000
5000 5000
5000
Other
0
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Tim e of Day
Tim e of Day Tim e of Day
Tim e of Day
© André Anders & Windows Group (EETD), 2007

17. Automated Demand Response
DR Definition: Action to reduce load when
• Contingencies occur that threaten supply-demand balance
• Market conditions occur that raise supply costs
– peak-load reductions different from efficiency, transient vs. permanent
DR Communications Infrastructure Needs
• Create real-time, automated DR infrastructure to respond to changing contingency and market
conditions
• DR infrastructure should coexist with legacy systems, technology and tariff improvements, with near-
and long-term benefits.
C a lifo r n ia D a ily P e a k L o a d s -- 2 0 0 6
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18

18. DR Automation Server and Client
DRAS Clients –
1. Software only (Smart)
2. Software & Hardware
(Simple)
19

19. Auto-DR in 130,000 ft2 County Office
Current Practice
20

20. Time Scales of Building/Grid Optimization –
Automated DR Future
Time of Use Optimized
21

21. Recent Energy Efficiency Activity
“Greening the Capitol” Project
– Make the House buildings Carbon Neutral
in 10 years
– Plan published; Action launched
Architecture 2030 - Zero Energy
Buildings
– AIA and 500 cities have signed on
California PUC: Launches “Big
Bold” initiatives
– ~$1B/yr on Efficiency; shift to longer term
focus
– “New Commercial Buildings are Zero Net
Energy by 2030”

22. Vision: Zero Energy Building
Creating a New Generation of Net-Zero Energy, Carbon-Neutral Buildings
Automation Functional Building Tunable Windows
• Energy sensors & actuators Materials
• Wireless communication • Thermal
• Feedback control systems • Structural
Cool Stuff

24. Getting to “Zero Net Energy” or “ Carbon
Neutral” Buildings
• Deployment: (5 - 30% savings)
— Identify what works and deploy it widely
— Applies to all buildings: new and existing
— Mandatory programs: codes and standards
— Voluntary programs: incentives
— e.g. Clinton Climate Initiative
• Demonstrate Emerging Solutions (20 - 60% savings)
— Find Underutilized, unproven technologies and systems
— R&D to improve, optimize; Make them mainstream
— e.g. New York Times
• Breakthrough Innovations (50-80% savings plus on-site
renewable power)
— New, more effective, high performance options
— Lower costs, Lower risk

25. What Will it Take to Achieve 2030 Targets?
9
BAU
Total Energy Consumption
8 These levels of
(Quads = 10^15 Btu)
7 efficiency are unlikely to
6 be achieved by market
5 forces alone;
4
3 Major new public/private
2 initiatives to drive
1 toward goals
0
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Business opportunities
for firms with
Year “solutions”
Existing Buildings Retrofit Buildings New Buildings
New Commercial Buildings Save 90% by 2030
plus 50% Retrofit Savings by 2030
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

27. “Think Big, Start Small, Act Now”
• Challenge of launching and sustaining a large scale,
long term, national program, blending policy, economics
and technology
• Public - Private partnership
• New and Existing Commercial Buildings
• Long Term effort - 10-20 years
• “You cant manage what you don’t measure…”
• Making Performance “Visible” - display energy use
• IT network and smart controls enable real time, high resolution,
performance monitoring from devices to buildings to grid
• Get involved………
• Zero Energy Commercial Building Initiative
ge 28
• www.zeroenergycbi.org