Ibm cloud computing certification exam 000 280 and 000-032 q&a full set

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Preparation Material:
Test 000-280: IBM Cloud Computing Infrastructure Architect V1

Section 1 - Cloud Computing Design Principles

Given an audience familiar with the cloud computing, define the cloud computing paradigm
and cloud deployment models so that various types of cloud deployment models have been
explained.

With emphasis on performing the following tasks:
Cloud computing is a new paradigm for both service delivery and consumption. This
paradigm is characterized by rapid service provisioning, service elasticity, usage-based billing, and
ubiquitous service access.
A private cloud is owned by an enterprise and operates within the corporate firewall.
Services on the private cloud can only be accessed by approved users.
Private Cloud

-Premise: Client (Implemented by Service Provider)
-Managed: Client
-Infrastructure: Dedicated
-Access: Internal Enterprise Network
-Payment: Traditional
Private Managed Cloud

-Premise: Client (Implemented by Service Provider)
-Managed: Service Provider

-Access: Internal Enterprise Network
-Payment: Traditional
Private Hosted Cloud

-Premise: Service Provider
-Access: VPN Network, Public Internet
-Payment: Hybrid - Traditional and/or Pay-as-you-Go
A public cloud is owned and operated by a service provider. Services on the public cloud
are made available to users over a network, usually the internet.
Public Cloud

-Premise: IBM
-Managed: IBM
-Infrastructure: Shared
-Access: Public Internet
-Payment: Pay-as-you-Go
A hybrid cloud consists of both private and public cloud components. Some services in a
hybrid cloud are owned and operated by the enterprise, while others are provide over a network by
a service provider.
Shared-Private Hosted Cloud

-Premise: Service Provider
-Infrastructure: Shared (by "member" clients)
-Access: VPN Network, Public Internet
-Payment: Pay-as-you-Go
Private, public, and hybrid clouds have key differences.
Private clouds provide enterprises with a greater degree of control in the
construction and delivery of cloud services at the cost of owning and operating the infrastructure.
Public clouds allow enterprises to consume services without owning and operating
infrastructure, while sacrificing some control over the construction and delivery of services.
Hybrid clouds use a connectivity backbone to allow enterprises to consume both
public and private cloud services according to their needs.

Given the attributes of Cloud computing, explain how the service delivery model of cloud
computing differentiates from standard IT service delivery models, so that the new cloud service
model and it's attributes have been defined.

Standardized, consumable, Web-based deliverable services

A cloud computing platform combines the modular components of a service-oriented
architecture and an Internet protocol-based convergence of networks and devices within a
high-performance pool of virtualized computer hardware and software resources.
Elastic scaling

(Elasticity and Scalability) Capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned to
quickly scale up and rapidly released to quickly scale down. To the consumer, the capabilities
available for rent often appear to be infinite and can be purchased in any quantity at any time.
Flexible pricing

Capabilities are charged by using a metered, fee-for-service, or advertising based billing
model to promote optimization of resource use. Examples are measuring the storage, bandwidth,
and computing resources consumed and charging for the number of active user accounts per
month. Clouds within an organization accrue cost between business units and may or may not use
actual currency.
Metering and billing capability

Delivered at a granular level of billing and metering, this workload standardization can
help measure, monitor and lower the cost of your services while easing complexity of your IT
infrastructure.
Given the knowledge of the IBM Common Cloud Computing Management Platform
Reference Architecture (CCMP-RA), explain the three segments represented to delivery common,
reusable assets, so that the building blocks of a cloud computing solution have been defined.

What is the IBM Common Cloud Management Platform Reference Architecture
(CCMP-RA)?

It is a cross-IBM effort for an RA enabling cloud economics by optimizing resource and
labor utilization, and delivering the foundational cloud management infrastructure for both private
and public clouds.
Which three segments make up the IBM Common Cloud Management Platform
Reference Architecture (CCMP-RA)?

The CCMP-RA is structured into three segments, Cloud service consumer, Cloud
service provider, and Cloud service developer, all designed to deliver common, reusable assets.
What are the two components of the IBM Common Cloud Management Platform
Reference Architecture (CCMP-RA)?
Business Support Services (BSS): Business-level functionality for management of
Cloud Services

-Service offering catalog

-Usage metering and accounting
Operational Support Services (OSS): Operational-level functionality for
management of Cloud Services

-Service request management
-Provisioning
-Monitoring and event management
-Image life-cycle management
Given the knowledge of the IBM's Cloud strategy, explain IBM's business strategy around
Cloud computing and the core differentiators, so that IBM's solution strategy for supporting cloud
environment has been defined.

IBM solution strategy for Cloud computing is to actively participate in three major
addressable market segments:
Components Supply

-Virtualized servers and storage
-Cloud software products (Tivoli, Lotus, Rational, etc)
Infrastructure Services: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) and Platform as a Service
(PaaS)

-Computing on Demand
-Smart Business Services
Business Services: Software as a Service (SaaS) and Business Process as a Service
(BPaaS)

-LotusLive, Information Protection Services, Expense reporting
IBM core differentiators for Cloud are: (NOTE: define on a technical level)
Workload optimization
Deployment choices
Integrated Service Management
IBM's key workloads for Cloud
Analytics
Collaboration
Development and Test
Desktop and Devices
Infrastructure Compute
Infrastructure Storage
Business Services
IBM's Cloud portfolio includes the phases across the cloud life-cycle.
Plan - Develop cloud strategies.
Build - Build cloud delivery capabilities.

Deliver - Provide cloud services.

-From the IBM Cloud.
-Define and deliver a cloud computing proof of concept or pilot for a specific
workload.
Given an understanding of cloud computing, explain the different types of cloud services, so
that their definition and differences are clearly understood.

Define SaaS.

SaaS is a type of cloud service where the service provider supplies all the infrastructure
along with the software product. Users interact with the service by using a Web-based front-end.
This eliminates the need to install and run the application on the customer's own computers.
Examples of SaaS include IBM's LotusLive, Google Docs, Gmail, etc.
Define PaaS.

PaaS is a type of cloud service that supplies the software and product development tools
hosted by the provider on their hardware infrastructure. Users can create applications by using this
platform and the APIs provided or with a graphical user interface for development. Examples of
PaaS include Force.com from Salesforce.com, Google App Engine, Microsoft Windows Azure,
etc.
Define IaaS.

IaaS is a type of cloud service that provides access to basic building blocks as services.
These building blocks can be combined or layered to build the infrastructure needed for running
the applications. Examples of IaaS include IBM Business Development and Test Cloud, Amazon
Web Services (AWS) and Rackspace.
Define BPaaS.

BPaas is a type of cloud service that provides business services via Web-centric
interfaces on multi-tenant and shared infrastructures without the need to manage or control the
underlying resources. Examples of BPaaS include payroll processing, HR, etc.
Given an audience familiar with the cloud deployment model, outline the challenges of
integration in a cloud environment so as to understand how IBM solutions can be used to address
traditional hurdles in cloud integration.

Consistent access management policies in an integrated cloud environment are critical to
reducing costs and avoiding security flaws. IBM Tivoli Access Management solutions allow you
to enforce consistent access management policies across cloud environments to reduce both risks
and costs.

Connecting applications across cloud environments can require extensive custom coding
and present security challenges to the enterprise. Cast Iron solutions from IBM WebSphere enable
users to connect applications and their data in integrated cloud environments in a highly secure
manner without requiring custom user coding.
In an integrated cloud environment, creating secure access mechanisms between
enterprise endpoints and public cloud endpoints is important to maintain flexibility without
sacrificing security. The Secure Cloud Connector found in certain WebSphere DataPower
Appliance models provides for identity verification of public cloud endpoints, and it securely
transmits encrypted data between enterprise endpoints and public cloud endpoints in an integrated
cloud environment.

Given a set of infrastructure considerations when setting up a cloud environment, describe
the importance of security, automation, network, storage management, and virtualization in a
cloud environment, so that the infrastructure considerations of cloud computing have defined.

Security:
Assess the risks associated with data integrity and security in the cloud
environment.
Regulatory compliance through audits and data location considerations in terms of
privacy laws and jurisdictions.
Protect sensitive data through access control and encryption to separate data in a
multi-tenant environment.
Backup and recovery of data in the cloud environment.
Automation:
Provides standardization in deployment and management of IT services.
Provides the ability to maintain or improve quality and cost of IT services.
Provides a management stack that is easier to handle and provides for smoother
workload migration.
Provides the ability to reduce costly manual interventions and skill requirements,
and reduces errors caused by them.
Network and storage management:
Network hardware supporting various networks used in the cloud environment.
Network management components used to administer the network.
Components for monitoring the health of the network.
Management and access to storage on the cloud.
Virtualization:
Computing resources (application servers. physical servers, databases, storages,
services) are dynamically and automatically provisioned as demand varies.
Underutilized physical servers are consolidated into a smaller number of more fully
utilized physical servers.
Sharing, manageability and isolation of computing resources.
Significant cost savings via server consolidations and optimal resource utilizations.

Advanced virtualization - Virtualization with standardization and automation are
necessary to provide increased flexibility while lowering costs.
Rapid provisioning of resources - With easy access to an easy-to-use service
request catalog that hides the complexity of the underlying infrastructure, the end user is able to
select and access standardized, pre-configured and pretested solutions, services and resources
reducing the time and IT resources necessary to deliver.
How do you design for failure?
Cloud computing is fully enabled by virtualization technology (hypervisors) and
virtual appliances. A virtual appliance is an application that is bundled with all the components
that it is required to run, along with a streamlined operating system. In a cloud computing
environment, a virtual appliance can be instantly provisioned and decommissioned as needed,
without complex configuration of the operating environment.
This flexibility is the key advantage to cloud computing, and what distinguishes it
from other forms of grid or utility computing and SaaS. The ability to launch new instances of an
application with minimal labor and expense allows application providers to:

-Scale up and down rapidly.
-Recover from a failure.
-Bring up development or test instances.
-Roll out new versions to the customer base.
-Efficiently load test an application.
Given a set of service delivery considerations when setting up a cloud environment, describe
the importance of security, automation, network, storage management, and virtualization in a
cloud environment, so that the service delivery infrastructure considerations of cloud computing
have defined.

Service Delivery - OSS component of cloud infrastructure planning and architecture per
the IBM Common Cloud Management Platform Reference Architecture (CCMP-RA)
Platform, Operating system and workload image provisioning
Monitoring and event management for SLAs within a cloud, including instrumented and
monitored functions
IT asset and license management relationship to capacity and performance management
for cloud architecture
Virtualization planning, design, architecture and management for service level
attainment and maintenance
Core components of Service Managed Virtualization and Clouds

-Locating and Requesting Services: Secure user centric self-service portal /
Automation engine / and Service catalog
-Deploying Cloud Services: Automated provisioning / and Image management
-Managed Cloud Services: Monitoring / Security and Metering
Cloud specific security architecture, planning, industry security frameworks and

operational support characteristics, including data handling
Cloud specific storage and network architecture, planning, industry frameworks and
operational support characteristics

Given a list of cloud characteristics, define their impact on service delivery models and how
they differ from traditional the IT model so that a clear mapping of the characteristics to service
delivery model has been produced.

Rapid service delivery:

Services can be accessed nearly instantly allowing businesses to more quickly build, test,
and deploy solutions. Rapid service delivery can drastically shorten their lead time for delivering
new solutions, thereby decreasing solution development costs and increasing revenue potential.
Resource consolidation:

The virtualization of resources like servers and storage enables users to increase asset
utilization by driving higher density. In turn, this decreases resource requirements, decreases
management costs, and decreases overall operating costs.
Elastic scaling:

Elastic scaling means that businesses can scale up and scale down IT services based on
current demand and business goals. As opposed to designing systems for peak load which results
in unused resources, elastic scaling means businesses use what they are required to meet their
business goals and no more. Considerations for Scaleable Architecture, which include not just the
provisioning of resources on a platform basis to meet the service needs and agreements but also
the cross platform migration of applications or workloads to maintain and/or enhance the
profitability of running client workloads on a cloud.
Self-service:

Self-service access to IT services removes traditional obstacles associated with service
acquisition. The decrease in service acquisition time can decrease the overall delivery time for a
product or solution.
Usage-based billing:

Cloud consumers pay only for the services that they actually use. This means consumers
can more closely align IT expenditures with business goals, and consumers do not pay for
resources that they are not actively using.
Ubiquity:

By delivering services through the Internet and other networks, consumers can more
easily gain access to cloud services. Businesses can use the cloud delivery platform to increase
their delivery channels both internally and externally. This increase can increase revenue

opportunity and decrease internal operating costs.

Section 2 - Planning for a Cloud Environment

Given a list of common infrastructure and environmental components, identify their use in
cloud environments, so as to understand how to evaluate a customer's current infrastructure and
environment in order to facilitate the adoption of cloud.
Servers:
Depending on the cloud model being adopted (i.e. public vs. private),
customer-owned servers may no longer be required or they may be repurposed for the cloud.
Users considering adopting public cloud services will not use their own servers as part of their
cloud. Customers considering building a private cloud may use existing servers, along with
virtualization technology, to build up the cloud infrastructure.
Storage:
As with servers, consumer-owned storage infrastructure is not a requirement when
using the public cloud. For the private cloud, users will contribute storage to the overall solution
and can choose from a number of different types based on their need.
Storage types like NFS, NAS, SAN, and more may be part of the user's cloud
infrastructure.
Storage virtualization may be used in the cloud infrastructure.
Network:
Regardless of whether a user is pursing a public or private cloud, their networking
infrastructure could be part of the solution. Many public clouds allow for the creation of virtual
private networks that securely communicate with the user-owned network. For users building
private clouds, their networking infrastructure provides the connectivity backbone for the solution.
Applications:
Applications must be closely analyzed prior to moving to a cloud-based
environment.
For many cloud environments, applications must be able to run in virtualized
containers.
Applications should be loosely-coupled so that their components can independently
scale in elastic cloud environments.
Data:
Data migration, connectivity, and storage strategies must be considered when
moving to the cloud.
When moving to a cloud, some data may be migrated to the new environment. If
moving data to a public cloud, all regulatory and legal concerns should be examined prior to
migration.
Data connectivity patterns may require changes. For instance, if applications run in
a public cloud but data is stored privately (cloud or otherwise), secure access channels are required
to be established between the application and data.
Many new data storage options have become popular in the cloud. This includes

key-value stores, non-relational object stores, distributed memory-based stores, and more.
According to data structure and data access patterns, new cloud-based storage options may be
more appropriate and efficient.
Automation:
Automation plays a critical role in realizing the full value of cloud computing.
Customer's existing automation systems should be examined to determine if it is possible to use
them in conjunction with the new cloud computing environment.
Standardization:
Migrating to cloud computing necessitates a certain degree of standardization for
the services a customer uses to deliver via the cloud. Existing standardization practices should be
examined to determine if they are sufficient, or if additional standardization techniques are
required for the move to cloud computing.
Virtualization:
Virtualization plays a key role in many cloud computing environments. Existing
virtualization technologies used by the customer should be identified and evaluated to determine if
they will integrate with the new cloud computing environment. If the cloud migration means new
virtualization technologies will be used, existing infrastructure and applications should be tested
with this technology.

Given a clients desire to move their environment to a cloud computing model, review the
client's current IT operational model, so that an understanding of the required functional changes
are clearly identified.

Understand the client's IT Operational model as it exists today and their approach to
design, build and run and how it is required to transform to a cloud operational model.
Identify if the client understands and has implemented shared services in their current IT
Operational model, and leverage this capability for the transformation to a cloud operational
model.
Understand client's level of convergence and/or separation between server, network and
storage components in order to evaluate their readiness for Cloud transformation.
Hardware Layer: Understand the infrastructure component level mean time between
failures (MTBF) metrics as they pertain to and are managed for a cloud operational model.
OS Layer: Understand OS level image rationalization and standardization etc.
Application Stack Layer: Understand application image standardization and application
deployment methods, align workload related infrastructure requirements such as latency,
collocation, data structures, transaction timing/security and version control; stateless vs. stateful.
Interconnection Layer: Understand the data structure, data sharing, and network
multipoint implementation (latency, security, transaction etc.) SLA.
Availability/Redundancy/Continuity Layer: Re-architect for workload delivery, moving
the architecture from individual server availability.

Given the understanding of cloud capabilities, define the workloads characteristics of public

and private cloud implementations.

Why define workload characteristics?
Workload characteristics drive the rate and degree of standardization. Complex
transaction and information management processes will likely present challenges and risks of
migration to standardized services.
Understanding the workload is critical to help determine which workload and
services make sense to move first and to which type of cloud, public, private or hybrid.
Items to review with moving workloads to a cloud environment:
Regulatory requirements or constraints
Criticality or SLAs
Security concerns
Highly customized applications
Software that is not yet virtualized (third-party software)
Licensing issues
Complex processes and transactions
Interoperability between systems
Portability of components
Integration of components
Workload or application characteristics for consideration:
Loosely-coupled

-Computation and data are separate.
Model scales well, but requires new failure and consistency approaches.
Tightly-coupled

-May not be able to separate application from HW components.
Decoupled

-Private cloud computing, public cloud computing, or both, security must become
adaptive to support a model where workloads are decoupled from the physical hardware
underneath and dynamically allocated to a fabric of computing resources.
-The decoupling and abstraction of the entire IT stack and movement to private and
public cloud-computing models means that workloads and information will no longer be tied to
specific devices, fixed IP or MAC addresses, breaking static security policies based on physical
attributes. To enable faster and more-accurate assessments of whether a given action should be
allowed or denied, more real-time context information must also be incorporated at the time a
security decision is made.
Transactional DB

-Data driven + small computation on small data
Require support for massive multi-tenancy.

Content-Centric

-Computation is required to be close to data + large computation on large data.
Data and Storage Integration

-Evolution of distributed file systems
Enabled through evolution of distributed file systems
Java Application Servers

-Extending to highly distributed environments
What are asynchronous systems architectures?

-To tolerate failure, applications must operate as a part of a group, while not being
too tightly-coupled to their peers. Each piece of the application should be able to continue to
execute despite the loss of other functions. Asynchronous interfaces are an ideal mechanism to
help application components tolerate failures or momentary unavailability of other components.
Workloads that can take advantage of public clouds:
Test systems and environments
Single virtual appliance workloads
Pre-production systems and environments
Mature packaged offerings, like e-mail and collaboration
Software development environments
Batch processing jobs with limited security requirements
Isolated workloads where latency between components is not an issue
Storage solutions (including storage as a service)
Backup solutions (including backup and restore as a service)
Data-intensive workloads if the provider has a cloud storage offering linked to the
cloud compute offering
Workloads more appropriate for private clouds:
Employee information or other sensitive data typically restricted to the enterprise
Workloads composed of multiple, co-dependent services
High throughput online transaction processing
Workloads based on third-party software that does not have a virtualization or
cloud-aware licensing strategy
Workloads requiring customization

Given a user interested in setting up a cloud environment, describe key requirements and
considerations so as to produce a comprehensive plan for setting up a cloud environment.

Identify the required hardware and operating system components for the cloud.
Select hardware componentry and operating systems based on price point,
performance levels, and virtualization technology integration.

Procure server virtualization technologies that will be used as the foundation for the
cloud environment.
Select server virtualization technology based on several factors, including
compatibility with existing hardware, costs, performance, and capabilities.
Based on user needs in terms of performance, volume, and access patterns, install the
appropriate storage infrastructure.
The storage infrastructure used must be compatible with the server virtualization
technology in use.
Apply storage virtualization techniques where appropriate to increase density and
decrease costs.
Configure the network infrastructure to support the services that will be delivered in the
cloud environment.
The network infrastructure must be compatible with the server virtualization
technology in use.
Utilize network virtualization techniques such as Virtual Local Area Networks
(VLANs) and virtual switches to decrease the overall costs of the network infrastructure.
Analyze the concurrent number of active endpoints to determine if techniques such
as Network Address Translation (NAT), network masquerading, and private IP addresses are
appropriate.
Put in place a service management tool to manage the various elements of the cloud.
Service management tooling should provide an inventory of the elements (server,
storage, network, virtual machines, etc.) of the cloud.
Service management tooling should enable provisioning and de-provisioning
services to the cloud.
Service management tooling should include service request management
capabilities.
Service management tooling should enable the definition and enforcement of
SLAs.
Service management tooling should provide insight into cloud resource utilization.
Carefully analyze customer applications and workloads targeted for the cloud.
Map the interaction points between applications and the cloud infrastructure to
understand dependencies and communication patterns.
Assess the application or workload and its affinity for a cloud environment by
considering the application's characteristics such as its degree of loose coupling and dependencies
on external components.

Given the objective of architecting a cloud computing solution, identify the network
requirements to support the infrastructure, applications, and services.

Private, Public, and Intra-Cloud networking
Balance of security with performance

-Network hops (latency) between application and platform servers, and client
-Encryption overheads with VPNs (IPSec, SSL)
-Non-encrypted connections
Connections to Public clouds

-Network QOS with various ISPs
-SLAs to ensure network availability and bandwidth
Intra-Cloud Connections

-Bandwidth of trunk links between Data Centers
-Architecting middleware and application location to minimize data movement
Network Hardware
Physical ethernet and fibre channel networks

-Bandwidth
-Switches and routers
-Port Groups and VLAN tagging
Firewall rules to allow or deny access to network devices and protocols
Virtual Hardware

-Virtual network adapters and switches - fully utilize HW and reduce costs.
Management Networks
Virtual server management networks:

-Used to provision, configure, administer, monitor, migrate, and delete the virtual
servers.
Hardware management networks:

-Used to manage the physical infrastructure (Blades, blade chassis, switches,
storage, Power Distribution Units).
Customer Networks
Provides access to virtual servers and customer applications.
SANs: Provides access to centralized, shared storage.
VLANs: Used to secure server and data access via network isolation.
Network Management/monitoring components: Used to administer the network and
monitor the health of the network.
Server-side considerations
Outbound / Inbound requirements
TCP/IP configuration on various platforms, VIOS / XEN / VMware / Linux / AIX /
Windows etc.

Given an understanding of cloud computing, explain the considerations for software
migration, so that the software migration strategy is clearly understood.

Application Readiness: Migrating legacy applications based on old technologies to a
cloud-based infrastructure will not bring the right benefits. Some of the questions to be considered
are -> Is the application web-based? Will it benefit from a multi-tenant architecture? Can it scale
out? Does it really need elasticity?
Data Ownership and Access: The application, the hardware, the operating system and
everything else can potentially be owned by the cloud service provider. But the data is what the
intellectual property is predicated upon and one should be able take ownership of the data as
he/she sees fit. The cloud subscription gives access to the functionality of the application or
function that one can use. If that access is removed, can one still access the data, so he/she can
retain ownership?
Data Volumes: Cloud is great for off-site elastic computing, where extra resources can
be applied in the form of more compute power or more storage. However as the storage capability
grows, migrating terabytes of data across a WAN can be a problem.
Integration: Applications running in the Cloud will require integration with applications
running on-premise and other applications in the Cloud. A robust integration platform is required
to be available to facilitate this. SOA and BPM providers play a critical role in minimizing
integration challenges.
Management and Monitoring: The application architecture should have provisions to
provide good control to administrators on various management aspects.
Compliance: Cloud computing services for applications and data which are subject to
compliance require a high degree of transparency on the part of service providers. One is required
to carefully review the contracts and service-level agreements to understand how the Cloud
service meets specific compliance requirements.
Cost Analysis: The business case for Cloud application migration is required to take the
target Cloud platform into consideration. The migration and overhead costs vary widely based on
the target Cloud platform and thus will skew the estimated cost savings. Cost analysis helps decide
whether to go ahead with moving a particular application to the Cloud or not from a TCO/ROI
perspective. Cost should include capital expenditure, operational expenditure, and overhead costs
involved in migration.
Migration: Defining a migration strategy involves understanding the different migration
options available, establishing business priorities, and evolving a strategy that offers a fine balance
between costs and meeting business priorities. Basically, enterprises have two core options with a
cloud infrastructure - private or public. Against these, they have the following migration paths to
consider - Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Software as a Service (SaaS) or Platform as a Service
(PaaS). The choice is driven by priorities such as elasticity, business model, security, migration
costs, etc. It is not uncommon for a large enterprise to leverage a hybrid approach in any of the
migration options and paths.
Transition: Actual process of migration, helps service providers realize the target IaaS
architecture as a detailed design, covering the network, server, SAN, tools, processes, and people
required for an operational model. It is underpinned by existing core competencies in network,
compute, storage, tools, and process improvement and expertise in delivering advanced,
virtualized data centers.

Section 3 - Architecting a Cloud Environment

Given knowledge of a cloud environment, define the IBM Virtualization Management
solutions available for a cloud environment, so that virtualization capabilities within a cloud
environment have been defined and resources are easily allocated depending on the workload
demands to realize the operational cost benefits.

Benchmark the client's environment to understand the implementation of their current
virtualization and provisioning solutions and management capabilities.
Understand the unique infrastructure and virtualization complexities around cloud
computing, including service provisioning, in order to attain more effective resource utilization
parameters.
Describe the IT network and SAN changes, new requirements and functional
convergence relating to cloud computing.
Understand the problem determination and isolation complexities relating to the
virtualization, workload management and provisioning infrastructure due to interdependencies,
interrelationships and interactions. (PD/PSI)
Describe the differences and unique attributes of cloud computing as pertains to
workload over provisioning vs. over committing.
Cloud systems are complex and integrated and require integrated management facilities
to deal with systematic impact to services, which differ greatly from legacy IT downtime and
service outage issues.
Least common denominator issue in cloud computing, the smallest broken component
and/or downtime will bring the entire service down.
IBM Cloud management facilities are integrated to escalate service outage issues which
have a ripple effect on the entire system, furthermore the integration of management facilities
simplifies the problem isolation and resolution processes.

Given knowledge about cloud computing and virtualization, describe the supported IBM
hypervisors in the context of the IBM Virtualization Management solutions, so that you are able to
recommend the appropriate hypervisor for a cloud computing solution.

Understand characteristics of the workloads in the cloud infrastructure.
Understand the business goals that are trying to be achieved by going to cloud.
Understand how systems and tools help deliver on those metrics.
Identify hypervisors that are supported in those environments.

Given a private cloud environment and an audience knowledgeable of WebSphere solutions,

identify pertinent WebSphere solutions so as to understand their use in creating, building, and
operating a private cloud environment.

IBM Hypervisor Edition products, such as the WebSphere Application Server
Hypervisor Edition, provide IBM middleware technologies in a virtualized package.
Packages a complete middleware software stack into a single virtual image.
Optimized to run on hypervisor technology such as VMware, PowerVM, and
z/VM.
Explain how the IBM WebSphere CloudBurst Appliance allows you to build, deploy,
and manage middleware environments in a private cloud.
Integrates with hypervisor technology and network components to create a shared
virtualized infrastructure.
Use IBM Hypervisor Edition products to build middleware patterns to be deployed
to the private cloud.
Deploy middleware patterns to the private cloud in a resource-aware manner.
Apply fixes and upgrades to environments deployed to the private cloud.
Track user usage and cloud resource usage in the private cloud.
Track software license usage in the private cloud.
Explain how the WebSphere Virtual Enterprise delivers cloud capabilities for
middleware applications.
Create application SLAs that define required qualities of service for your
applications.
Utilize dynamic application request routing to meet SLAs and ensure that the most
important applications get the most resources.
Create and enforce application health policies that proactively identify and address
error conditions in your application runtime.
Dynamically and selectively update deployed applications without incurring
downtime or degrading user experience.

Given the understanding of cloud environments, describe what IBM solutions for monitoring
and alerts.

Benefits provided by Monitoring
Collecting historic data to assist with planning future data center resource needs
and to optimize virtualized resource placement;
Capturing real-time data to quickly react to unexpected resource needs;
Measuring adherence to performance SLAs;
Proactively generating alerts and detail data to quickly detect and solve application
problems;
Reporting resource usage data by application, necessary for allocating costs

appropriately.
Components to Monitor
Applications and Database
Services and transactions

-SLAs
-Availability
-End user response time
Server

-CPU, memory, and storage
-Virtualization, hypervisors
Storage

-Capacity and performance
Network

-Components
-routers and switches, network traffic, SNMP, DNS, DHCP, LDAP
-Performance issues and security
Data Center

-Energy Management
Common Monitoring metrics
Throughput - How quickly the service responds.
Reliability - How often the service is available.
Load balancing - When elasticity kicks in. (New VMs are booted or terminated, for
example.)
Durability - How likely the data is to be lost.
Elasticity - The ability for a given resource to grow infinitely, with limits (the
maximum amount of storage or bandwidth, for example) clearly stated.
Linearity - How a system performs as the load increases.
Agility - How quickly the provider responds as the consumer's resource load scales
up and down.
Automation - What percentage of requests to the provider are handled without any
human interaction.
Customer service response times - How quickly the provider responds to a service
request. This refers to the human interactions required when something goes wrong with the
on-demand, self-service aspects of the cloud.
What is the purpose of event management?
Report and automate the response to changes in the infrastructure from monitoring.
Report and automate the availability of the infrastructure.
Monitoring options
Monitoring tools and agents can be included in SW or HW solutions for private

clouds.
Integrated to existing monitoring tools.
Real-time service visibility, dashboards and intelligence from Cloud Solution
Provider
Cloud based monitoring services for public clouds
Agent or agent less monitoring

Given an understanding of cloud computing, explain the different IBM provisioning solutions,
so that the IBM provisioning strategy for a cloud environment is clearly understood.

Provisioning is the most import aspect of a cloud environment which provides
automation of the Service Catalog functions.
IBM provides the following 3 solutions for provisioning in a cloud environment.
Tivoli Service Automation Manager (TSAM): It is a software solution optimized to
accelerate Cloud deployments with an approach to service-aware automation. To achieve this it
leverages both Tivoli's Process Automation Engine (TPAE) and IBM's CCMDB for clearly
defined insights into physical and virtual infrastructure interdependencies from a configuration,
asset and service management perspective. It also includes capabilities from Tivoli Provisioning
Manager (TPM) for actively provisioning new VMs and the Tivoli Service Request Manager
(TSRM) for self-provisioning through service catalog requests.
IBM Service Delivery Manager (ISDM): It is a tightly integrated service
management solution that combines the necessary software components to implement cloud
computing. It's delivered as a pre-integrated software stack deployed as a set of virtual images that
automate IT service deployment, and provide resource monitoring, cost management, and
provisioning services via cloud. Products within the software stack include TSAM, IBM Tivoli
Monitoring (ITM), Tivoli Usage and Accounting Manager (TUAM), and Tivoli System
Automation (TSA), which is designed to control and optimize the performance of systems
resources such as file utilization, processes, and IP addresses in clustered or Cloud environments.
IBM CloudBurst: CloudBurst is a purpose-built solution designed to optimize
business workloads with minimal customization. It includes the entire software stack delivered by
the ISDM, as well as hardware including pre-configured servers, storage and networking.
CloudBurst is designed for fast deployment and fast time to value and supports a common user
interface, common reporting, security, and other services across the Cloud environment. It
integrates with existing systems, network and storage hardware, and comes as a single blade in a
BladeCenter H chassis with redundant Ethernet and Fibre Channel switch modules. CloudBurst
also supports energy utilization and management, backup and recovery, metering and accounting.
An architect should reference the following table to decide which provisioning solution
best meets the need of the organization.

TSAM ISDM CloudBurst
Feature/Function
Stand-alone Software Offering X X
Self-Service Portal for reservation of computing X X X

Storage & Networking resources
Rapid deployment of services in service catalog X X X
Automated provisioning and de-provisioning of
X X X
resources
"lights-out" automated operation X X X
Pre-packaged automation templates and
workflos for most common resource types such X X
as Vmware virtual images and LPARS
Real-time monitoring of physical and virtual
X X
resources
Energy management to reduce cost X X
Integrated usage and chargeback capabilities
X X
through TUAM
Reusable image library for rapid deployment X X
Virtualization management X X
Included quickstart implementation services X
Ready to go solution including
X
Hardware,software and Services

Given the objective of architecting a cloud computing solution, identify the security
requirements to protect unauthorized access to infrastructure, applications, and services.

Assessment of the business and IT security risks; identify vulnerabilities and gaps in key
security controls; create policy design and definitions for secure controls; and offer a prioritized
list of recommendations against business goals for security best-practice improvements to help
mitigate business risks.
Loss of governance - Because the organization may not have direct control of the
infrastructure, trust in the provider and its own ability to provide proper security is paramount.
Compliance risk - The cloud provider impacts the organization's ability to comply
with regulations, privacy expectations and industry standards, because data and systems may exist
outside the organization's direct control.
Isolation failure - Multi-tenancy and resource sharing are defining characteristics of
the cloud. It is entirely possible for competing companies to be using the same cloud services, in
effect running their workloads shoulder-to-shoulder. Keeping memory, storage and network access
separate is essential.
Data protection - The ubiquitous nature of data in the cloud raises unprecedented
identity and access management threats. Because the organization relinquishes direct control over
data, it relies on the provider to keep that data secure and, when it is deleted, ensure that it is
permanently destroyed.

Management interface and role-based access - Cloud applications are accessed and
managed through the Internet, and involve deep and extensive control. The risk associated with a
security breach is therefore increased and proper access authorization must be carefully
considered.
Assess your cloud security readiness with robust service offerings.
Identity and access management
Data protection
Auditing and monitoring
Legal, regulatory and privacy requirements
Access controls for sensitive data
Greater visibility and monitoring of access
Protection of data at rest and in transit
Adherence to regulations
Improved security management to increase efficiency and reduce costs.
Security and Resiliency defined as in the IBM Common Cloud Management
Platform Reference Architecture (CCMP-RA)
Command & Control / Security Policy Management / Software, System & Service
Assurance
Data Policy Enforcement / Identity Lifecycle Management / Threat & Vulnerability
Management
Audit & Compliance Management / Access Management & Security Entitlement /
Security Extension to IT Service Management
Availability & Continuity Management

Given the objective of architecting a cloud computing solution, identify the requirements and
considerations to provide storage capacity, and data protection and recovery to support the
infrastructure, applications, and services.

Data and storage management in the Cloud are critical:
To provide a reliable, on-demand service experience.
To reduce costs and enable scalability.
To mitigate risks.
The keys to effective cloud storage management include:
Data protection and recovery
Data security and life-cycle management
Storage utilization and optimization
Storage resource management
Automate data management policies through three distinct processes:
Migration, Archival and Expiration.
Data migration within the Cloud can help you get control of, and efficiently
manage, data growth and its associated storage costs by providing automated space management.
It provides the following key features:

-Storage pool virtualization that helps maximize utilization of the managed storage
resources;
-Restore management capabilities that are optimized based on the location of the
data;
-Migration that is transparent to the users and to applications;
-Migrations that are scheduled to minimize network traffic during peak hours;
-Automatic migrations that occur outside the backup window;
-Threshold limit settings that can eliminate "out of disk space" messages.

Section 4 - Management of the Cloud Environment

Given the objective of architecting a cloud computing solution, describe and discuss the
design of IBM Service Management as per the IBM Common Cloud Management Platform
Reference Architecture (CCMP-RA).

Business Support Services (BSS)
Offering management / Customer management / Pricing and Rating
Order management / Entitlement management / Subscriber management
General accounting / Invoicing and Billing / Peering and Settlement
Contracts and Agreements / Opportunity to order / Service offering catalog
Metering, Analytics and Reporting
Operational Support Services (OSS)
Service delivery catalog
Service templates / Service automation management
Service request management / Change and configuration management / Image
life-cycle management
Provisioning / Incident and problem management / IT service level management
Monitoring and event management / IT asset and license management / Capacity
and performance management
Virtualization management
Core components of Service Managed Virtualization and Clouds
Locating and Requesting Services

-Self-service portal / Automation engine / and Service catalog
Deploying Cloud Services

-Automated provisioning / and Image management
Managed Cloud Services

-Monitoring / Security and Metering

Service Management Capabilities
Process and Technology Automation across Business Services

-Align assets and resources to business priorities: How are resources being
deployed to meet business demand.
-Automate Service Operations: Are activities efficiently executed when delivering
business services.
Visibility across Applications, Data and underlying Infrastructures

-Map service dependencies to infrastructure: How are resources connected to
provide business services.
-Monitor infrastructure resources: How are infrastructure events affecting services.
-Understand user service experience: How are services meeting business user needs,
How are services meeting business agility needs.
Service Management Control aligned to Business Priorities

-Provide business aligned dashboards: What is the health of my business and
services that support it.
-Provide Security and Compliance solutions: How secure and compliant are my
business services.
-Fulfill Service Requests: How effectively are requests for services being managed.
-Continuous Service and Application portfolio management: Which services or
application should be the focus of new solutions, transformation, improvement, cost cutting,
consolidation or retirement.
Given the understanding of cloud environments, describe what IBM solutions provide
reporting and analytics capabilities for a cloud environment, so that the IBM Cloud Computing
reporting tools available from IBM have been explained.

Usage and Metering reporting requirements:
Understand costs, track, allocate and invoice by department, user and many
additional criteria.
Collect, analyze and bill based on usage and costs of shared assets.
Deliver detailed information and reports about the intricate use of shared resources.
Available Tivoli Usage and Accounting Manager (TUAM) reports in IBM Service
Delivery Manager (ISDM):
Configuration Report - RCFGX001.rptdesign

-Contains information about report configuration.
Client Report - RCLTX001.rptdesign

-Lists all clients registered in the TUAM database.
Invoice - RINVC007.rptdesign

-Displays the key accounting information, such as the number of server hours,
memory hours and CPU hours, multiplied by the defined rate per each account code.
Run Total Invoice - RIVTC001.rptdesign

-Displays the number of server hours, memory hours and CPU hours, consumed in
the whole infrastructure.
Rate Report - RRATX001.rptdesign

-Lists the rates as defined in the TUAM database.
Tivoli Monitoring reporting
Historical Data

-Use historical data collection and reporting to gather useful metrics about your
managed network. You can also use historical data with the chart baselining tools for predictive
analysis and in situation modeling for key performance indicators.
Situations for Event Monitoring

-Situations are definitions of conditions to test, such as slow transaction rates or
invalid logon attempts. Use situations to raise alerts of certain conditions and to trigger single
action commands or automated workflows.
Automating Actions and Responses

-The Tivoli Enterprise Portal has functionality that enables you to design your own
Take Action commands, Launch Application definitions, and Policy definitions, then store them
for use by other users. A policy, rather than being run by the user, runs automatically when a
referenced situation event is opened.
Custom Queries

-In views that display monitored data, attribute values from agents are retrieved by
queries to the Tivoli Enterprise Monitoring Server.
-You can edit the queries that are used in the predefined workspaces provided by
your monitoring products, or create new queries to populate new views. In addition, you can
retrieve data from any JDBC- or ODBC-compliant database to display in a chart or table by
writing an SQL SELECT statement. These custom queries are created in the Query editor.
Define the Tivoli Common Reporting Tool.
The Tivoli Common Reporting tool is a reporting feature available to users of
Tivoli products and provides a consistent approach to viewing and administering reports. Tivoli
products can provide report packages designed for use with Tivoli Common Reporting, with
reports that use a consistent look and feel.
Tivoli Common Reporting consists of several components:

-A data store for storing and organizing report designs, reports, and supporting
resources. The data store is a location within the Tivoli Common Reporting infrastructure where

all report-related files and reports are managed and maintained.
-A Web-based user interface for specifying report parameters and other report
properties, generating formatted reports, and viewing reports.
-A command-line interface for working with objects in the data store and
performing additional administrative functions.
-Report packages, archive files containing reports, documentation, graphics, and
dynamic link libraries. Report packages for some monitoring agents are included as .zip files on
the Application CD in the REPORTS directory, and the REPORTS directory is divided into
subdirectories named with the three-character prefix that identifies the product. Report packages
for some monitoring agents are available from the IBM Tivoli Open Process Automation Library
(http://www-18.lotus.com/wps/portal/topal). You can search on "Tivoli Common Reporting" to
find report packages on OPAL. A sample set of reports was provided with the Tivoli Common
Reporting product. Other sets can be downloaded and installed by using the Import facility. You
can find additional report packages generated by other non-IBM users, business report templates,
and the Tivoli Common Reporting: Development and Style Guide on the IBM developerWorks
(Website: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/spaces/tcr).
-The open-source Eclipse BIRT Report Designer that you can use to modify reports
or create your own. This tool is not included with Tivoli Common Reporting, but can be
downloaded from http://www.eclipse.org/birt/phoenix/ or from the Tivoli Common Reporting
page at IBM developerWorks (http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/spaces/tcr).
Analytics Products
IBM Cognos

-IBM Smart Analytics Cloud
IBM SPSS

-IBM Predictive Analysis
Business Rules Management
IBM ILog Jrules

-The IBM WebSphere ILOG JRules business rule management system (BRMS)
provides a comprehensive set of capabilities that enable Business and IT functions within the
organization to work together collaboratively for authoring, maintaining and deploying decision
logic that is critical to business systems.
Given an understanding of cloud computing, describe TUAM capabilities, so that IBM
accounting and billing strategy for a cloud environment is clearly understood.

IBM's accounting and billing capabilities on the Cloud are provided by TUAM. IBM
TUAM can collect data from the provisioning solutions to provide service usage reporting and
enable accurate billing of cloud services consumed.
It provides comprehensive insights into IT consumer costs across virtualized, hybrid and
traditional infrastructure and application environments. From a Cloud perspective, it can show

who's (individual, department, geography, SP customer, project etc.) using what and how much of
the shared resources are available.
If chargeback is desired, it can also generate bills, either for actually billing or for
data-driven capacity and portfolio planning. TUAM drill-down delivers both per-service and
per-service component usage, which is important for Cloud. For instance, it can itemize on a
volume or dollars-and-cents basis database usage, e-mail usage, print server usage, storage
requirements, and systems/workload usage for Cloud and non-Cloud infrastructures, in support of
both distributed and mainframe-hosted services.
The benefits of this type of visibility are manifold. It allows for capacity and resource
planning, portfolio and service planning, vendor management, and conversely vendor-enabled
billing for customers.
Most importantly, it provides a foundation for IT and business executives to discuss in
consistent and meaningful dollars-and-cents terms how and why and at what cost IT services are
being used and so promote better communication between IT and the business it supports.

Test 000-032: Foundations of IBM Cloud Computing Architecture V1

Section 1 - Cloud Computing Concepts and Benefits

Given a list of cloud computing environment attributes, describe how those attributes are
realized to provide business advantages, so that the business advantages of cloud computing have
been defined.

Virtualization: IT resources can be shared between many computing resources (physical
servers or application servers).
Provide more efficient utilization of IT resources and reduce hardware cost through
resource consolidations and economies of scale. Lowering total cost of ownership and improving
asset utilization.
Provisioning: IT resources are rapidly provisioned (or de-provisioned) based on
consumer demands.
Reduce IT cycle time and management cost.
Elastic scaling: IT environments scale up and down by any magnitudes as needed to
satisfy customer demands.
Optimize IT resource utilization and increase flexibility.
Service Automation Management: IT environments that provide the capability to request,
deliver, and manage IT services automatically.
Reduce IT operational costs by automating the processes used to deliver and
manage a cloud computing environment.
Pervasiveness: Services are delivered through the use of the Internet and on any
platform.
Improve customers' experience by enabling services to be accessed from anywhere,

at anytime, and on any device.
Flexible pricing: Services are tracked with usage metrics to enable multiple payment
models.
Improve cost transparency and offer more flexible pricing schemes.

Given the definition and attributes of virtualization, describe how virtualization is a key
infrastructure element for cloud computing so that the costs for infrastructure investment can be
reduced.

Computing resources (application servers. physical servers, databases, storages, services)
are dynamically created, expanded, compacted, or moved as demand varies.
Under-utilized physical servers are consolidated into a smaller number of more
fully-utilized physical servers.
Virtualization is a key infrastructure element for cloud computing because it
Provides important advantages in sharing, manageability, and isolation of
computing resources.
Reduces costs significantly via server consolidations and optimal resource
utilization.
Provides a way for provisioning a computing resource dynamically and
automatically.

Given an audience with knowledge of current data system technology, define dynamic
infrastructure so a model of how cloud computing relates to dynamic infrastructure is produced.

Explain dynamic infrastructure.

Dynamic Infrastructure is an information technology paradigm concerning the design of
DataCenters so that the underlying hardware and software can respond dynamically to changing
levels of demand in more fundamental and efficient ways than before.
Explain the relationship between cloud computing and dynamic infrastructure.
Cloud computing is a way to establish a dynamic infrastructure, specifically to
optimize the IT infrastructure through virtualization and energy-efficienct initiatives to achieve
more with less.
Dynamic infrastructure helps to visualize all resource servers, storage, desktops,
and applications and proactively handle energy management across the business. This helps to
reduce cost, resolve power and cooling issues, free up staff, and better manage and automate
operations, which enables customers to dynamically adjust their IT to meet changing demand
levels and new business requirements.

Given an audience with knowledge of current data system technology, define elasticity so a

model of how cloud computing relates to elasticity is produced.

Explain elasticity as it relates to cloud computing.
A user can create, launch, and terminate server instances as needed. This user pays
by the hour for active servers, hence the term "elastic".
Explain the benefits of elasticity.

Given the benefits of automation in an IT infrastructure, describe how automation is a key
infrastructure management attribute of cloud computing in order to reduce system administrative
tasks and achieve cost saving.

Automation is a key infrastructure management attribute for cloud computing because,
without the benefits of automation, the complexity of a cloud environment is increased
significantly and added costs are generated - costs high enough to cancel out the cost savings
derived from cloud computing in the first place.
Automation provides the following benefits:
standardization and automation for deployment and management of IT services.
the ability to maintain or improve quality and cost per IT service.
a management stack that is easier to handle and provides for smoother workload
migration.
the ability to be audit proof and integrated with process governance.
the ability to reduce costly manual interventions.
the ability for IT to reduce the skill requirements needed for deploying and
managing IT services.
reduced errors caused by manual processes.

Given the benefits of provisioning in an IT infrastructure, define how provisioning is a key
infrastructure management attribute for cloud computing, so that the benefits of provisioning have
been defined.

Provisioning is an automated process that handles computing resource management
processes.
Provisioning helps optimize availability by maintaining configurations and managing
changes to resources.
Provisioning is used to capture and rerun scenarios of highly complex tasks; thus,
minimizing the potential for human errors.

Given the characteristics of a public cloud, explain how the cloud users would utilize services

from a public cloud in an economical way.

Obtaining an instance of a cloud computing environment via a public cloud is easy and
inexpensive because hardware, application, and bandwidth costs are covered by the provider.
Computing resources in a public cloud can be scaled to meet the needs of the cloud
users.
A public cloud can use flexible pricing models. No resources are wasted because the
cloud users pay for what they use on an as-needed basis, without the requirement to invest in
additional internal infrastructure.
A public cloud helps businesses shift the bulk of the costs from capital expenditures and
IT infrastructure investment to a utility operating expense model. A public cloud also helps isolate
the end-users from the complexity of IT operations and management.

Given the characteristics of a private cloud, explain how enterprise and business users benefit
from private clouds, so that the benefits of private clouds have been defined.

A private cloud is owned by an enterprise and can only be accessed by internal users.
A private cloud is deployed internally behind the corporate's security firewall.
A private cloud is operated and maintained by either the enterprise's IT operations or by
a 3rd party cloud service provider.
By totally owning a cloud computing environment, an enterprise can provide and govern
computing resources (physical servers, application servers, storage space, applications, services,
etc.) in an efficient, compliant, and secure manner. At the same time, by using a private cloud, an
enterprise can also achieve significant cost saving from the infrastructure's consolidation and
virtualization.

Given the characteristics of a hybrid cloud - which consists of multiple private clouds
(internal) and public clouds (external), explain how this hybrid model is an attractive cloud model
for many enterprises to achieve both cost savings and security, so that the characteristics of a
hybrid cloud have been explained.

With emphasis on performing the following task:
A hybrid cloud model is prevalent in the industry today as it helps enterprises achieve
substantial savings from investments in the infrastructure required to provide resources via public
clouds. At the same time, a hybrid cloud also provides secure ways for enterprises to keep and
protect sensitive data under their own control of private clouds.

Given the characteristics of a virtual private cloud, explain how this model is necessary to
securely manage computing resources in a public cloud, so that the benefits of a virtual private

cloud have been explained.

With emphasis on performing the following task:
A virtual private cloud can help quickly create an economical and functional computing
environment and provide additional security measures and system management tools.

Given an audience with knowledge of current data system technology, define private, public,
and hybrid clouds.

Define a private cloud.

Private cloud and internal cloud are neologisms that some vendors have recently used to
describe offerings that emulate cloud computing on private networks. These (typically
virtualization automation) products claim to "deliver some benefits of cloud computing without
the pitfalls", capitalizing on data security, corporate governance, and reliability concerns.
Private clouds are where activities and functions are provided "as a service" over a
company's intranet. Private clouds are built by an organization for its own users, and everything is
delivered within the organization's firewall (instead of the Internet). The private cloud owner does
not share resources with any other companies, so multitenancy is not an issue. Therefore, private
clouds are also called "internal clouds".
Define a public cloud.

Public cloud or external cloud describes cloud computing in the traditional mainstream
sense, whereby resources are dynamically provisioned on a fine-grained, self-service basis over
the Internet via Web applications/Web services. These Web applications/Web services originate
from an off-site third-party provider who shares resources and bills on a fine-grained utility
computing basis.
Public clouds are where IT activities/functions are provided "as a service" over the
Internet, which allows access to technology-enabled services without knowledge of, expertise with,
or control over the technology infrastructure that supports them. Therefore, public clouds are also
called "external clouds".
Define a hybrid cloud.

A hybrid cloud environment consisting of multiple internal and/or external providers
"will be typical for most enterprises". By integrating multiple cloud services, users may be able to
ease the transition to public cloud services while avoiding issues such as PCI compliance.
Hybrid clouds are where the external and internal service delivery methods are
integrated. Rules and policies are established by the organization based on factors such as security
needs, criticality, and underlying architecture so that activities and tasks are allocated to external
or internal clouds as appropriate.
Given the definition of SaaS, explain how SaaS differentiates from the other kinds of cloud

computing delivery models, so that the term "SaaS' has been clearly described.

Explain SaaS.
SaaS "delivers software as a service over the Internet, eliminating the need to
install and run the application on the customer's own computer and simplifying maintenance and
support'.
Differentiate SaaS from Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Infrastructure as a Service
(IaaS).

SaaS, PaaS and IaaS represent different delivery models of a cloud computing
environment.
SaaS delivers software as a service over the Internet.
PaaS delivers computing platform as a service.
IaaS delivers computer infrastructure (normally a virtual machine) as a service.
Explain the key concepts of SaaS.
Tenancy: the same environment can be shared among many customers or users.
Payment method: the SaaS is normally modeled as pay-as-you-go, which is
different from traditional licensed applications.
Application management: the SaaS provider is responsible for managing the
computing environment.
Application upgrade: the SaaS provider can upgrade the application or release new
features seamlessly, in contrast to the traditional and costly software upgrade.
Describe some examples of SaaS.
Google Docs
LotusLive
Salesforce.com

Given the definition of PaaS, explain how PaaS differentiates from the other kinds of cloud
computing delivery models, so that the term PaaS is clearly described.

Explain PaaS.
PaaS "delivers a computing platform and/or solution stack as a service, often
consuming cloud infrastructure and sustaining cloud applications. It facilitates deployment of
applications without the cost and complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware
and software layers'.
Differentiate between PaaS and SaaS and IaaS.

SaaS, PaaS and IaaS represent delivery models of a cloud computing environment.
PaaS delivers a computing platform as a service.

IaaS delivers computer infrastructure (normally a virtual machine) as a service.
Explain how PaaS relates to Computing Platform.
A computing platform "describes some sort of hardware architecture or software
framework (including application frameworks), that allows software to run". A PaaS delivers a
computing platform as a service.

Given the definition of IaaS, explain how IaaS differentiates from the other kinds of cloud
computing delivery models so that the term IaaS is clearly defined.

Explain IaaS.
IaaS "delivers computer infrastructure, typically a platform virtualization
environment, as a service."
Differentiate between IaaS and SaaS and PaaS.

SaaS, PaaS and IaaS represent different delivery models of a cloud computing
environment.
PaaS delivers a computing platform as a service.
IaaS delivers computer infrastructure (normally a virtual machine) as s service.
Explain how IaaS relates to utility computing.

"Utility computing relates to the business model in which application infrastructure
resources, hardware, and/or software are delivered. Cloud computing relates to the way we design,
build, deploy, and run applications that operate in a visualized environment, sharing resources and
boasting the ability to dynamically grow, shrink, and self-heal."
List some examples of IaaS.
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
Eucalyptus
IBM Smart Business Test & Development Cloud

Given the definition of a hosted service, explain how a hosted service relates to cloud
computing, so that the similarities and differences between a hosted service and cloud computing
are described.

Explain the kinds of service providers.
"An application service provider (ASP) is a business that provides computer-based
services to customers over a network. Software offered using an ASP model is also sometimes
called on-demand software or software as a service (SaaS). The most limited sense of this business
is providing access to a particular application program (such as customer relationship management)
using a standard protocol such as HTTP."

"An Internet service provider (ISP) is a company that offers its customers access to
the Internet."
"A hosted service provider (xSP) is a business that delivers a combination of
traditional IT functions such as infrastructure, applications (SaaS), security, monitoring, storage,
Web development, Website hosting and email, over the Internet or other wide area networks
(WANs). An xSP combines the abilities of an ASP and an ISP."
Define how ASP relates to cloud computing.

An ASP provides a cloud computing service, more specifically a SaaS.
Define the difference between a Service Provider and cloud computing.

A service provider might not provide any cloud computing capability. For example, an
ISP is not considered to be a cloud computing service.
Given the definition of grid computing, explain how grid computing relates to cloud
computing, so that the distinction between cloud computing and grid computing becomes clear.

Explain grid computing.

Grid computing is a type of parallel and distributed system that enables the sharing,
selection, and aggregation of geographically distributed "autonomous" resources dynamically at
run-time depending on their availability, capability, performance, cost, and users'
quality-of-service requirements.
Differentiate between grid computing and cloud computing.

Grid computing is "a form of distributed computing and parallel computing, whereby a
'super and virtual computer' is composed of a cluster of networked, loosely-coupled computers
acting in concert to perform very large tasks." So the goal of grid computing is to divide a single
and large task among many loosely-coupled computers. Grid computing might run in a cloud
computing environment. The main difference is that, whereas grid computing is comprised of
many computers working together to achieve one goal, cloud computing is aimed to provide
computing resources for independent tasks.
Given the definition of utility computing, explain how utility computing relates to cloud
computing, so that the difference between cloud computing and utility computing is explained.

Explain utility computing.

"Utility computing is the packaging of computing resources, such as computation and
storage, as a metered service similar to a traditional public utility (such as electricity, water,
natural gas, or telephone network). This system has the advantage of a low or no initial cost to
acquire hardware; instead, computational resources are essentially rented. Customers with very

large computations or a sudden peak in demand can also avoid the delays that would result from
physically acquiring and assembling a large number of computers."
Differentiate between utility computing and cloud computing.

"Utility computing relates to the business model in which application infrastructure
resources – hardware and/or software – are delivered. While cloud computing relates to the way
we design, build, deploy and run applications that operate in a visualized environment, sharing
resources and boasting the ability to dynamically grow, shrink, and self-heal."
Given a set of customer business requirements, explain cloud computing features, so that a
mapping of each requirement to one or more features is produced.

Categorize customer business requirements. This may be from a business pain point of
view or the framework defined in ITIL.
Map cloud computing features to the corresponding business requirements. Since cloud
computing features cover a wide scope, you may use case scenarios of existing solutions that are
similar to a given customer pain point, or categorize each requirement to a part of ITIL, and
discuss how cloud computing satisfies that part of ITIL.

Given an understanding of cloud computing, define multitenancy as it relates to cloud
computing, so that its advantages and disadvantages have been defined.

Multitenancy: a single instance of software runs on a server, serving multiple clients
(tenants).
Multitenancy vs Multi-instance

In a Multitenancy environment, multiple customers share the same application, running
on the same operating system, on the same hardware, with the same data storage mechanism. The
distinction between the customers is achieved during application design, so that customers do not
share or see each other's data. Contrast this with multi-instance where one or the other of these
components is abstracted so that each customer application appears to be running on a separate
physical machine.
Benefits of Multitenancy.
Cost savings

Multitenancy allows for cost savings over and above the basic economies of scale
achievable from consolidating IT resources into a single operation. An application instance usually
incurs a certain amount of memory and processing overhead, which can be substantial when
multiplied by many customers, especially if the customers are small. Multitenancy reduces this
overhead by amortizing it over many customers.
Efficiency

Peak demand by individual tenants can be more easily accommodated because
processing power can be "borrowed" from other tenants in that application instance that are
experiencing processing lulls.
Concerns with multitenancy
Data Privacy

Because different clients are sharing the same application resources (storage,
databases, software) there is a danger of one client's data being exposed to another client if proper
safeguards are not built into the application.
Complexity of Customization

Because a single application instance must serve the needs of multiple clients, it is
more difficult to customize the application to meet the individual needs of a client's organization.
Given an audience familiar with data system architecture, explain how cloud computing
capabilities save energy so that a list of features of a more efficient data system is produced.

Identify energy costs in a data system.

Physical systems require energy even when they are not fully utilized. Furthermore, this
energy is turned into heat, which must be removed from the DataCenter. Additionally, energy may
be more expensive in some places than others.
Identify how cloud computing optimizes utilization of energy-intensive resources.
Maximizing CPU usage, allowing rapid consolidation of VMs to shut down surplus
systems, savings on cooling. Multiple virtual assets can share the same physical resources to better
utilize energy. As requirements diminish, even on an hourly basis, virtual assets can be
consolidated allowing physical assets to be shut down. Then when requirements increase, physical
assets can be brought online to meet demand.
Ability to move visualized assets to run on physical assets in a location where
energy is cheaper (such as closer to a generation station) or where cooling is easier. Virtual assets
can be quickly migrated to take advantage of changes in energy pricing/availability.

Given an audience familiar with data system architecture, explain the difference between a
cloud computing environment and a cluster environment so that the difference between the two in
the DataCenter environment are understood.

Cloud computing is Internet-based computing; whereby, shared resources, software, and
information are provided to computers and other devices on-demand, like a public utility.
A computer cluster is a group of linked computers, working together closely so that in
many respects they form a single computer. The components of a cluster are commonly - but not

always - connected to each other through fast local area networks.
Outline differences between clouds and clusters.
The two are not opposites, and there can be overlaps in functionality. Cloud
indicates that a group of resources is shared, through virtualization and multi-tenancy. On the
other hand, clustering describes how a set of assets (physical or visualized) work together as a
single system. #The goal of cluster computing is to perform autonomous computing, working
together to fulfill a certain task. Cloud computing is systems working independently.

Given a thorough analysis of the customer's existing business processes, explain and
articulate how existing processes can be offered as cloud services and existing approval processes
can be automated so that a highly-automated cloud solution can be achieved.

Describe the existing processes that will be automated as cloud services.
Companies that are implementing a cloud environment need to analyze their
existing processes to determine the areas where it can be automated in an efficient way when
offered as a cloud service.
Approvals play an essential role in the core operations of every business. As a rule,
most approvals represent the delegation of authority to carry out an activity, for example
provisioning of computing resources.
It is critical to understand and document how approvals are obtained today to see
where opportunities for automation and efficiency improvements can be introduced.
Describe how the dynamic provisioning of cloud resources can influence the changes on
the business approval process.
Customer's existing business approval processes may contain several manual
approval steps that may slow down the overall provisioning process. In a cloud environment
where IT services are rapidly provisioned and provided as standardized offerings, these manual
approval steps should be identified and automated.

Section 2 - Cloud Computing Design Principles

Given an understanding of cloud computing, define cloud architecture, so that an
understanding of cloud architecture has been demonstrated.

Cloud architecture

Cloud architectures are designs of software applications that use Internet-accessible
on-demand services. Applications built on cloud architectures are such that the underlying
computing infrastructure is used only when it is needed (for example to process a user request),
draw the necessary resources on-demand (like compute servers or storage), perform a specific job,

then relinquish the unneeded resources and often dispose themselves after the job is done. While
in operation, the application scales up or down elastically based on resource needs.
Given the Wikipedia definition of cloud computing layers, identify and define the 5 layers of
cloud computing, so that the five layers of cloud computing have been defined.

Cloud computing layers: Client; Application; Platform; Infrastructure; Server
Client: a cloud client consists of computer hardware and/or computer software that
relies on cloud computing for application delivery, or that is specifically designed for delivery of
cloud services and that, in either case, is essentially useless without it. Examples include some
computers, phones and other devices, operating systems and browsers.
Application: cloud application services or "Software as a Service (SaaS)" deliver
software as a service over the Internet, eliminating the need to install and run the application on
the customer's own computers and simplifying maintenance and support.
Platform: cloud platform services or "Platform as a Service (PaaS)" deliver a
computing platform and/or solution stack as a service, often consuming cloud infrastructure and
sustaining cloud applications. It facilitates deployment of applications without the cost and
complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers.
Infrastructure: cloud infrastructure services or "Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)"
delivers computer infrastructure, typically a platform virtualization environment, as a service.
Rather than purchasing servers, software, DataCenter space or network equipment, clients instead
buy those resources as a fully outsourced service.
Server: the servers layer consists of computer hardware and/or computer software
products that are specifically designed for the delivery of cloud services, including multi-core
processors, cloud-specific operating systems and combined offerings.

Given an audience familiar with data system architecture, explain the hardware used in a
cloud computing environment so that the infrastructure of a cloud environment has been produced.

Processing unit: the processing unit generally contains CPU and RAM used by the
visualized resources. It must be able to support the following:
Elasticity: ability to meet changing requirements of visualized resources. As an
example, a processing unit may need to support multiple visualized resources with competing
requirements for processing power and RAM.
Migration: the ability to move visualized assets from one processing unit to
another.
Storage: storage can be localized to the processing unit or can be shared among multiple
processing units. Storage must be able to support: the following:
Rapid provisioning and deprovisioning of virtual assets
Migration of virtual assets
Security measures to keep one customer from accessing another customer's data

Network: the network hardware must be able to support the various networks used in the
cloud environment.
Different networks have different requirements, and this means that there may be a
variety of specialized hardware. For example, fiber channel hardware may be used to implement a
storage area network (SAN) processing unit and centralized storage, while ethernet hardware may
need to support different speeds.
Single networking hardware components may also support multiple networks. For
example, a management network and customer network may share the same physical ethernet
switch.

Given an audience familiar with data system architecture, explain the principles of
networking in a cloud computing environment so that the infrastructure of a cloud computing
network has been produced.

Network Hardware: must be able to support the various networks used in the cloud
environment.
Management networks
Virtual server management networks: virtual assets may require a set of dedicated
management networks. These may be used to administer, monitor, and migrate the virtual asset.
Virtual server provisioning networks: a set of dedicated provisioning networks may
be required for the various provisioning tools.

- Used to access provisioning tools (e.g., for requesting the provisioning of a virtual
asset);
- Used by provisioning tools to provision and configure virtual assets.
Hardware management networks

- A set of networks used to manage the physical infrastructure (blades, blade
chassis, switches, storage, and Power Distribution Units)
SANs: provide access to centralized storage.
Customer data management networks: provide users with access to visualized assets.
Network management/monitoring components: used to administer the network and
monitor the health of the network. They are tied into cloud monitoring components to provide an
overall view.
Virtual local area networks (VLANs)
VLANs can be used to separate different networks and provide security features to
prevent unauthorized access to customer or administrator data.

Given an understanding of cloud computing, summarize the importance of the DataCenter in
cloud computing, so that understanding of the importance of the DataCenter in cloud computing
has been demonstrated.

Ibm cloud computing certification exam 000 280 and 000-032 q&a full set

Ibm cloud computing certification exam 000 280 and 000-032 q&a full set

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Ibm cloud computing certification exam 000 280 and 000-032 q&a full set