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The Relevance of Previous 
Expeditions to Future Space 
Exploration 
Jack Stuster, PhD, CPE 
Anacapa Sciences, Inc. 
Santa Barbara, California
Belgian Antarctic Expedition 
 Commandant 
Adrien de Gerlache 
 1898-1899 
 First Expedition to 
Winter-Over in 
Antarctica 
The Belgica Locked in the Ice Multi-National Crew 
“Insanity and disease stalked the decks of the Belgica that winter.”
Belgian Antarctic Expedition 
 Frederick A. Cook, MD 
Expedition Physician 
Before After
Norwegian Polar Expedition 
 Fridtjof Nansen 
 1893-1896 
 Theory of Polar Drift 
 13 Norwegians 
 Egalitarian Approach 
 Good Habitat Design 
 Methodical Testing 
 A Model for Future 
Space Expeditions
Norwegian Polar Expedition 
Departure of the Fram
Norwegian Polar Expedition 
The Fram En Route The Fram Above the Ice
Norwegian Polar Expedition 
Conducting Research During the Expedition
Norwegian Polar Expedition 
Life Onboard the Fram
Norwegian Polar Expedition 
Nansen and Johansen lived for nine months in a 
6-foot by 10-foot hut made of stones and walrus hides. 
Entrance to the Hut Life in Our Hut, by Fridtjof Nansen
Norwegian Polar Expedition 
Nansen and Johansen in the Kayaks 
Nansen After Meeting Jackson
Norwegian Polar Expedition 
Nansen and the crew of the Fram were greeted as 
if they had just returned from another planet.
Fridtjof Nansen 
 Artist 
 Explorer 
 Neurologist 
 Oceanographer 
 Champion Skier 
 A Founder of Norway 
 International Statesman 
 Recipient of the Nobel 
Peace Prize
Previous and Future Expeditions 
The Fram in the Ice 
By William Gilkerson 
Lunar Expedition 
By Chesley Bonestell
Learning From Previous 
Expeditions
Other Expeditions/Conditions
Other Expeditions /Conditions 
Skylab Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station
Roald Amundsen 
“The human factor is three quarters of any expedition.” 
– Roald Amundsen
Roald Amundsen 
 Mate on the Belgica 
 Northwest Passage 
 South Pole 
 Norge 
 Dorneirs 
 Nobile Rescue
Ernest Shackleton 
The Endurance in the ice Shackleton and Crew at Patience Camp 
British Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1914-1916
Ernest Shackleton 
British Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1914-1916 
Castaways on Elephant Island Launching the James Caird
Ernest Shackleton 
“For scientific leadership give 
me Scott; for swift and efficient 
travel, Amundsen; but when 
you are in a hopeless situation, 
when there seems no way out, 
get down on your knees and 
pray for Shackleton.”
Richard E. Byrd 
Byrd’s Expedition to Little America, 1933-1935 
Life at Little America Byrd at Advance Base
Main Themes 
There are highly predictable behavioral 
responses to isolation and confinement. 
Minor problems are common, but serious 
problems are avoidable. 
Future space expeditions will more closely 
resemble sea voyages than the test flights 
that presently serve as models.
Main Themes 
Important lessons concerning the design and 
conduct of future expeditions can be learned 
by studying the experiences of remote duty 
personnel and previous explorers. 
Humans can endure almost anything.
Content Analysis: 
Behavioral Issues 
Group Interaction 
Outside Communications 
Workload 
Recreation  Leisure 
Medical Support 
Adjustment 
Leadership 
Event 
Food Preparation 
Organization/Mgt. 
Equipment 
Sleep 
Safety 
Personnel Selection 
Waste Management 
Internal Communications 
Exercise 
Habitat Aesthetics 
Hygiene 
Personal Hygiene 
Privacy/Personal Space 
Clothing 
Number of Primary and Secondary Category Assignments 
75 150 225 300 375 450 525 600
Content Analysis: 
3rd Quarter Phenomenon
Behavioral Issues
Behavioral Issues 
The conditions are different, but most of the problems 
that will confront future space explorers are the same 
problems that troubled explorers in the past.
The Future... 
Exploring Mars 
By Chesley Bonestell

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Space explorationjun02

  • 1. The Relevance of Previous Expeditions to Future Space Exploration Jack Stuster, PhD, CPE Anacapa Sciences, Inc. Santa Barbara, California
  • 2. Belgian Antarctic Expedition Commandant Adrien de Gerlache 1898-1899 First Expedition to Winter-Over in Antarctica The Belgica Locked in the Ice Multi-National Crew “Insanity and disease stalked the decks of the Belgica that winter.”
  • 3. Belgian Antarctic Expedition Frederick A. Cook, MD Expedition Physician Before After
  • 4. Norwegian Polar Expedition Fridtjof Nansen 1893-1896 Theory of Polar Drift 13 Norwegians Egalitarian Approach Good Habitat Design Methodical Testing A Model for Future Space Expeditions
  • 5. Norwegian Polar Expedition Departure of the Fram
  • 6. Norwegian Polar Expedition The Fram En Route The Fram Above the Ice
  • 7. Norwegian Polar Expedition Conducting Research During the Expedition
  • 8. Norwegian Polar Expedition Life Onboard the Fram
  • 9. Norwegian Polar Expedition Nansen and Johansen lived for nine months in a 6-foot by 10-foot hut made of stones and walrus hides. Entrance to the Hut Life in Our Hut, by Fridtjof Nansen
  • 10. Norwegian Polar Expedition Nansen and Johansen in the Kayaks Nansen After Meeting Jackson
  • 11. Norwegian Polar Expedition Nansen and the crew of the Fram were greeted as if they had just returned from another planet.
  • 12. Fridtjof Nansen Artist Explorer Neurologist Oceanographer Champion Skier A Founder of Norway International Statesman Recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
  • 13. Previous and Future Expeditions The Fram in the Ice By William Gilkerson Lunar Expedition By Chesley Bonestell
  • 14. Learning From Previous Expeditions
  • 16. Other Expeditions /Conditions Skylab Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station
  • 17. Roald Amundsen “The human factor is three quarters of any expedition.” – Roald Amundsen
  • 18. Roald Amundsen Mate on the Belgica Northwest Passage South Pole Norge Dorneirs Nobile Rescue
  • 19. Ernest Shackleton The Endurance in the ice Shackleton and Crew at Patience Camp British Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1914-1916
  • 20. Ernest Shackleton British Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1914-1916 Castaways on Elephant Island Launching the James Caird
  • 21. Ernest Shackleton “For scientific leadership give me Scott; for swift and efficient travel, Amundsen; but when you are in a hopeless situation, when there seems no way out, get down on your knees and pray for Shackleton.”
  • 22. Richard E. Byrd Byrd’s Expedition to Little America, 1933-1935 Life at Little America Byrd at Advance Base
  • 23. Main Themes There are highly predictable behavioral responses to isolation and confinement. Minor problems are common, but serious problems are avoidable. Future space expeditions will more closely resemble sea voyages than the test flights that presently serve as models.
  • 24. Main Themes Important lessons concerning the design and conduct of future expeditions can be learned by studying the experiences of remote duty personnel and previous explorers. Humans can endure almost anything.
  • 25. Content Analysis: Behavioral Issues Group Interaction Outside Communications Workload Recreation Leisure Medical Support Adjustment Leadership Event Food Preparation Organization/Mgt. Equipment Sleep Safety Personnel Selection Waste Management Internal Communications Exercise Habitat Aesthetics Hygiene Personal Hygiene Privacy/Personal Space Clothing Number of Primary and Secondary Category Assignments 75 150 225 300 375 450 525 600
  • 26. Content Analysis: 3rd Quarter Phenomenon
  • 28. Behavioral Issues The conditions are different, but most of the problems that will confront future space explorers are the same problems that troubled explorers in the past.
  • 29. The Future... Exploring Mars By Chesley Bonestell