This document appears to be a dissertation proposal or outline describing research conducted on oxygen and carbon dioxide processes in selected Southern Ocean ecosystems. The goals are to 1) defend a PhD, 2) show how underway oxygen and carbon dioxide data can determine controlling processes, and 3) describe an Antarctic ecosystem in terms of these processes. The document includes sections on background, methods, data, processes/interpretations, and conclusions. It also acknowledges contributions from other scientists and the dissertation committee.

1. in selected Southern Ocean Ecosystems Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Processes Controlling Chris Carrillo

3. 1. Defend Ph.D. 3. Describe Antarctic ecosystem in terms of processes 2. Show how underway O 2 /fCO 2 data can be used to determine controlling processes Goals for Today Biogenic Gases

7. Science Photo by S. Donachie

8. Scientist Me

9. Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 Introduction and Rationale CHAPTER 2 Inorganic Carbon System Dynamics in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre: HOT Program CHAPTER 3 Processes Regulating Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Surface Waters West of the Antarctic Peninsula CHAPTER 4 Dissolved Inorganic Carbon System Dynamics in the Region West of the Antarctic Peninsula: LTER Program CHAPTER 5 Cross Site Comparison of the Inorganic Carbon Dynamics At the HOT and LTER Research Sites CHAPTER 6 Kinetics of the Inorganic Carbon System in a Continuous Culture CHAPTER 7 Conclusions and Future Directions

10. CHAPTER 1 Introduction and Rationale CHAPTER 2 In Situ and In Vivo Deep Ocean Respiration in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre: HALE-ALOHA CHAPTER 3 Measured Air to Sea Gas Exchange Rates of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide and Their Effect on Estimations of Net Community Production and Respiration CHAPTER 4 Phosphoglycolate Phosphatase Activity in Natual Waters and Chemostats CHAPTER 5 Comparison of Net Community Production from Measurements of fCO 2 and on Deck DIC Incubations CHAPTER 6 The Effect of Increasing Oxygen Concentrations on the Compensation Point of Phytoplankton:Photorespiration CHAPTER 7 Conclusions and Future Directions Alternate Table of Contents www.soest.hawaii.edu/oceanography/degreq.html www.catalog.hawaii.edu

11. Johnston J. 1916 The determination of carbonic acid, combined and free, in solution, particularly in natural waters. J. Am. Chem. Soc ., 38 , 947-975 Background Trillich 1890 Seyler 1894 Chemical News Seyler 1897 The estimation of carbonic acid in natural waters, Analyst, 22, 312 References CO 2 In seawater

12. Background When I began my professional career, the pursuit of science was in transition from a pursuit by individuals motivated by personal curiosity to a worldwide enterprise with powerful strategic and materialistic purposes ……… Associated with the new kind of science, however, was a loss of ease to pursue………… Charles Keeling 1998 Annu. Rev. Energy Environ

13. Background LTER Understand general ecological phenomena that occur over long temporal and broad spatial scales. Palmer-LTER Annual advance and retreat of sea ice affects all levels of the Antarctic marine ecosystem. Microbiology and Carbon Flux Biological production controls the CO 2 and O 2 distributions in the Palmer LTER region.

14. Background 1st Biogenic Gas

16. Background The annual cycle in atmospheric oxygen concentration suggest a seasonal offset in the production/respiration ratio of the microbiological community. 2nd Biogenic Gas

17. Background Keeling et al. 1993

18. Computer LabView CO 2 Analyzer Rotating Disk Equilibrator Oxygen & pH Electrodes Standard & Reference Gases Solonoid Valves Methods

20. Descriptive LTER Annual Cruise 1997 Data

21. Data

22. Data

23. Gas(Ko) = [X] Processes Temperature

24. Gas [X] Gas(Ko) = [X] Processes Temperature

25. Processes Temperature +X% 100% O 2 Saturation Weiss 1970

26. Processes Temperature Surface Ocean Atmosphere Takahashi et al. 1993

27. Processes Temperature Processes Controlling Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide   fCO 2 %Sat  Cooling  Heating [O 2 ]%Sat Processes -1 % / deg C +1 % / deg C fCO 2 %Sat -1% / deg C Cooling +1% / deg C Heating [O 2 ]%Sat Processes

28. Processes Temperature [O 2 ] {Sat} =([O 2 ] (meas) / [ O 2 ] (Sat) )*100

29. Organic Matter Production/Consumption 106CO 2 + 122H 2 O + 16NO 3 + H 3 PO 4  (CH 2 O) 106 (NH 3 ) 16 (H 3 PO 4 ) + 138O 2 Processes Biology 106CO 2 + 106H 2 O + 16NH 3 + H 3 PO 4  (CH 2 O) 106 (NH 3 ) 16 (H 3 PO 4 ) + 106O 2 PQ=1.3 PQ=1.0 Measured PQ=0.3 to 1.7

31. Processes Biology

32. Processes Controlling Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Processes Biology   fCO 2 %Sat  Respiration  Photosynthesis [O 2 ]%Sat Processes -1%O 2Sat / 2%fCO 2Sat +1%O 2Sat / -2%fCO 2Sat fCO 2 %Sat -1%O 2Sat / 2%fCO 2Sat Respiration +1%O 2Sat / -2%fCO 2Sat Photosynthesis [O 2 ]%Sat Processes

34. Air/Sea Exchange Flux=k*Ko(Water-Air) Processes Air Sea Exchange

35. Processes Air Sea Exchange

37. Interpretation

39. Interpretation

40. Underway oxygen and carbon dioxide measurements can be used to elucidate processes in the Antarctic marine ecosystem. The process of heating and cooling of surface waters account for  5% of the variability observed of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Conclusions

41. The spatial distribution of these processes suggest the atmospheric oxygen signal may be controlled by relatively small areas of intense phytoplanckton blooms. The process of net organic matter production is a large source of oxygen and sink for CO 2 ; four-fold greater than for heating and cooling. Conclusions

43. Ron Ogata Doug Campbell Chris Winn Sue Brown Nicolas Cassar Stuart Donachie Markus Karner AGUNSA Acknowledgments M.J. Pombrakas Matt Church Linda Bingler Joris Gieskes ASA Roger Lukas K B Story

44. Committee Dave Karl (Chair) Ned Ruby (Outside Member) Dean Smith (Proxy Outside Member) Claudia Benitez-Nelson Ed Laws Fred Mackenzie Chris Measures

45. hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/pduke/polarduke.html The cube

47. Optimist