IGCSE 2016 syllabus

2.  Animals are ingestive
heterotrophs
 That means they eat
their food
 They are multicellular
 The Animal Kingdom is
divided into many Phyla
This chart is a phylogenetic tree of the Phyla in the
Animal Kingdom
It shows the evolutionary or DNA relationships
We are only going to look at some of these phyla

3. The animals in this Phylum all have:
1. A strong exoskeleton made of Chitin
This is an outside hard covering that acts as
protection and is where muscles attach to
cause movement
This crab has a particularly
strong exoskeleton.
The claws are part of the
exoskeleton and have strong
muscles inside them

4. 2. many pairs of jointed legs or
appendages
(These can be modified for other functions)
This Lobster is on its
back: look at the
paired legs which are
made of segments
joined together.
The appendages at
the back are used for
swimming

5. 1. Class Insecta
2. Class Arachnida
3. Class Crustacea
4. Class Myriapoda

6. 3 pairs of
jointed legs
Two pairs of
wings
Spiracles for gaseous
exchange
Compound
eyes
Head thorax abdomen
Three body segments
Pair of
segmented
antennae

8. Piercing and sucking
Biting and
chewing
sucking
Secreting
saliva and
lapping up
liquid

9. Can you see the Insect features on these insects?
What features are common to all Arthropods?
Most insects live on land.
They have a water proof
cuticle to prevent them
drying out.

10. This group includes Spiders, Scorpions and
Ticks

11. Arachnids have:
Four pairs of
jointed legs
Pedipalps
that are
sensory
organs
Chelicerae or fangs that contain
poison to kill prey
All arachnids are carnivores
abdomen
Head and
thorax form a
cephalothorax

12. Spiders also have :
Spinnerets that make
silk for a web
8 eyes on
the head
Can you see the other
features?
Now label the diagram in your notes

13. Most crustaceans live in an aquatic
environment (in water)
So they have gills for gaseous exchange
and are adapted for swimming

14. Crustaceans have:
More than 4 pairs of jointed legs
Two pairs of antennae
Note how these have one pair facing forward and
the other backwards

15. Notice how the appendages are adapted for different functions.
The cephalothorax is covered in a carapace

16. Make a large labelled drawing of this Shrimp in
your exercise book

17. This group includes centipedes and
millipedes
They all live on land,
usually hiding in dark,
damp places

18. They all have elongated bodies with many
segments
There is at least one pair of jointed legs on
each segment
And they have a pair of antennae on the
head

19. Centipedes have one
pair of legs per
segment and
flattened bodies.
They are all
carnivores.
Millipedes are round with 2
pairs of legs on each
segment. They are
herbivores. Most feed on
detritus or dead plant matter

20. This Phylum is also called the vertebrates
The animals in this group have an internal
skeleton with a backbone (vertebral
column) that protects the spinal chord
There are 5 classes. Can you name
them?

21. Class Pisces (Fish)
Class Amphibia
Class Reptilia
Class Aves (Birds)
Class Mammalia

22. Fish are divided into Cartilaginous Fish
(sharks and rays)
 and Bony Fish

23. Cartilaginous fish have a skeleton of cartilage.
Their gills are open and the mouth is underneath (ventral)
If you rub a shark’s skin you will find it is made of rough
scales
Sharks are excellent
predators.
Note the teeth and
stream-line body
They also have
excellent “smell”

24. Bony Fish have a skeleton made of bone
The operculum covers the gills and
helps move water over the gills for
gaseous exchange
They have a lateral line
which detects pressure
changes so is used to
interpret speed and direction
Fins are used to alter
direction
The skin is covered
in scales

25. You should know the names of these fins

26. Roll is controlled
by the median
fins: dorsal and
pelvic
Yaw is controlled by
the median fins –
dorsal, pelvic and the
caudal fin
Pitch is controlled by the paired fins, particularly the pelvic fins
The caudal fin brings about propulsion when it moves sideways

27. Frogs and toads
Salamanders and newts

28. Amphibians must spend some of their life
cycle in water
Aquatic species have gills but those that
move onto land have to have lungs and a
mucus layer over the skin to prevent drying
The limbs are adapted for walking or
hopping on land or for swimming, and
sometimes for both!

29. Note the features on this frog

30. Can you identify the stages in the life cycle of a frog?
Note only the adult frog lives on land

31. turtles, terrapins, tortoises, lizards, snakes, crocodiles and alligators

32.  Most reptiles live on land and lay their eggs in
dry soil
 The eggs have a leathery waterproof shell –
remember in amphibians the eggs were in a
jelly-like substance in water.

33.  To prevent them drying
out Reptiles have
scales made of Keratin
 They have good
hearing and smell. The
tongue can also be
used to pick up
molecules in the air and
detect or smell them

35. Birds are homeothermic which means they
keep their body temperature constant
All the animals we have seen so far are
poikilothermic, this means their body
temperature is the same as the
environment

36. To insulate the body birds are covered in
feathers made of keratin
Some feathers are soft and used for
insulation but others are firm and used
for flight
The feet have no feathers but have
scales like a reptile
You should know
the parts of a
feather

37. All birds have beaks: note how different they are. Can
you work out what these birds eat?

38. Colour is
used for
recognition
and
camouflage
We will look at this in more detail in class

39. Birds lay their eggs in a
nest and some have
excellent parental care.
Some young hatch with
no feathers and need to
be well looked after,
others are more
developed and can feed
themselves

40. Be familiar with the main parts of a bird

42. We are mammals
Mammals give birth to live young
This means fertilisation and implantation
are internal
The placenta is an adaptation for internal
development
Nutrients go through this
The umbilical cord carries
the nutrients

43. The young suckle – that is they feed on
milk made in the mother’s mammary
glands until they are ready to eat on their
own

44.  Mammals are
homoeothermic and are
insulated with hair over the
body
 Hair can form whiskers
which are sensory features
 Some aquatic mammals
have lost their hair, others
have extra hair with oil on
it to make the water run off

45. Mammals are the only
animals with external
ears
They can help
determine where
sound is coming from
They can also show
aggression or
submission
In elephants the ears
are used to help cool
the body

46. Mammals can live in:
Water- dolphins have lost their
hair but have all other mammal
features
Land – this Oryx needs
very little water
Air - can you see the
ears and fur on this
bat? The wings are
webs between the
“fingers”