This document summarizes a case study on motorcycle accidents in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The study found that motorcycle transport has grown in Tanzania and is an important form of employment and transportation, especially for youth. However, motorcycle accidents have also increased and are a major cause of death and injury. The study examined accident data and causes in three districts in Dar es Salaam through surveys of motorcyclists and passengers. It found that most accidents are caused by traffic violations and alcohol use. Recommendations include stricter licensing requirements for motorcyclists, safety training, and public education campaigns to reduce accidents.

2. A case study of accidents involving Motorcycles in Dar es Salaam ,Tanzania
CILT Africa Forum , 9th -11th March 2016, Mauritius
Presented by :
Bruno Kinyaga-Taxation, Logistics and Transport Specialist-Tanzania
Email: brunokinyaga@gmail.com
This research is part of CILT International Young Achiever of the year 2014

3. Introduction
 Social Economic Benefits of the Study
 Location
 Research Methodology
 Research Findings
 Current state of Road Safety in Africa
 Issues impacting Road Safety
Conclusion and Recommendations

4.  Road traffic injuries claim more than 1.2 million lives
each year and have a huge impact on health and
development. They are the leading cause of death among
young people aged between 15 and 29 years, and cost
governments approximately 3% of GDP. Despite this
massive – and largely preventable – human and economic
toll, action to combat this global challenge has been
insufficient. This report, the third Global status report on
road safety, shows that low and middle-income countries
are hardest hit, with double the fatality rates of high-
income countries and 90% of global road traffic deaths.
Vulnerable road users – pedestrians, cyclists and
motorcyclists – make up half of these fatalities. (This is
according to WHO Global Status on Road Safety, 2015
Report)

5.  Although road traffic injuries have been a
leading cause of mortality for many years,
most traffic crashes are both predictable and
preventable. There is considerable evidence
on interventions that are effective at making
roads safer: countries that have successfully
implemented these interventions have seen
corresponding reductions in road traffic
deaths. Rolling out these interventions
globally offers huge potential to mitigate
future damage and save lives at a global
level.

6.  In recognition of the scale of this health and
development problem – and the possibility to
impact positively upon it – the United Nations
General Assembly adopted a resolution in 2010
that led to the establishment of the Decade of
Action for Road Safety (2011–2020). The
resolution called on Member States to take the
necessary steps to make their roads safer, and
for WHO to monitor the situation through its
Global status report on road safety series. This
report, the third in the series, serves as a tool to
assess the impact of changes three years into the
Decade of Action and to highlight where more
action is needed.

7.  In developed counties motorcycling is for fun,
sports and outing. However in Africa
countries’ including Tanzania Motorcycle is
used as means of public transport and as a
form of employment for many youth. The
youths are using their motorcycles as
makeshift taxis, often without licenses or
personal protection.

8.  Motorcycles transport has been growing up in the
recently years in Tanzania to both urban and rural areas
and it has been forming many employments especially
to those young men who were jobless. This means of
transport is being used by many people due to the fact
that, it is the fastest means of transport for someone to
reach anywhere he/she want to go especially in both
urban.
 Up to June 2014 the number of motorcycles that has
been registered was about 1.2 Million in Tanzania and
currently it’s about 1.5 motorcycles have been
registered in the country.
 Since motorcycles transport being authorized to carry
passengers in the country it has been associated with
many accidents leading to large number of deaths and
injuries to many people. Accidents involving
motorcycles transport lead to the increase in the
number of morbidity and mortality in the country.

9. Regulations on motorcycles transport in Tanzania.
 The Surface and Marine Transport Regulatory
Authority(SUMATRA) is the government organ
responsible for regulating motorcycle
transport under the Tricycles and Motorcycles
Regulations of 2010. SUMATRA has been
regulating motorcycles transport by entering
in agreement with Local Government
Authorities on taking part of regulating the
operation of motorcycles business. It has
already entered into agreement with 148
Local Government Authorities among 163 in
the country.

10.  The major social-economic benefit of the
study is to find out causes and measures of
reducing the number of accidents associated
with motorcycle transport service in urban
and rural areas in Dar es Salaam and
Tanzania country as a whole.

11.  The study was conducted in Dar es Salaam
City, where most of people use this mode of
transport. The population of Dar es Salaam is
4,364,541 according to the official 2012
census, increasing at 5.6 percent per annum
from 2002 to 2012, making it the third
fastest growing city in Africa and after
Bamako and Lagos respectively and ninth
fastest in the world. The metro population is
expected to reach 5.12 million by 2020.

13.  The study was conducted in three representative
districts in Dar es Salaam region, Tanzania. The
selected Districts are well known in the use of
motorcycles transport service. A large number of
respondents involved in the study areas are those
who engaged in providing the service (motorcyclists)
and the users of the service (passengers). Before
administering the questionnaires relevant pre-testing
was done in two villages of Tegeta and Buguruni and
slight modifications of the questionnaires including
reducing some questions were that made.
 The study was conducted by using both qualitative
and quantitative methods of research by conducting
physical surveying on sample villages.

14. Sampling
 Prior to the selection of the districts a list of
main areas where motorcycles transport
service is common on use was sought from
the districts. The team spent time studying
the available data that assist in making
selection. Three villages were randomly
sampled from three districts of Dar es Salaam
region. The three most accessible villages
Tegeta, Buguruni and Kigamboni were
selected. They represented different districts,
Tegeta in Kinondoni district , Buguruni in Ilala
district and Kigamboni in Temeke district.

15. Individual Sampling Frame
 The study follows descriptive Cross-Sectional
study design, where people engaged in the
activity and the users of motorcycle transport
services were selected randomly. In total of
289 people were request for interview and
both motorcyclists and users were
considered, giving sample of 200
respondents.

16. Data Collection and Analysis
 The major part of the data collection was on
socio-economic aspects. Data was also collected
relating to motorcycles transport accidents,
licensing and other various elements relevant to
motorcycles transport service. Some of the data
considered very important were those on causes
of motorcycles accidents, level of education of
motorcyclists, motorcyclists experience and
helmet usage.
 The filled questionnaires were checked for
quality code and entered into statistical package
for social studies(SPSS) Program (Version 15).
Frequent distribution was used to describe
categorical variables, means and standard
deviation for continuous variables.

17. Ethical issues
 The proposal was cleared by The Chartered
Institute of Logistics and Transport (CILT)
International Executive Committee before
the study was conducted. Written informed
consent form was obtained to all eligible
participants after being informed of the
aims of the study.

18.  The Table Below: Shows the distribution of road
accidents associated with motorcycles transport.
Currently Motorcycles accidents occurred from
January 2015 to June 2015 in the country reported
by the Road Safety Department.
No. of accidents No. of deaths No. of injuries
4079 1747 4826

19.  Table below shows: Motorcycle transport
accidents occurred in Kinondoni, Ilala and
Temeke districts from January 2015 to June
2015.
District No. of accidents
Kinondoni 2,140 (25.5%)
Ilala 1,561 (18.6%)
Temeke 1,351 (16.1%)

20.  Figure 1: Distribution of the Age group of motorcyclists and
Percentage of Accidents involved.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
21-30 31-40 41-50
Kinondoni
Ilala
Temeke
The chart shows that, most of (21-30 Age group) are being engaged in motorcycle transport
serviceprovisionsasMotorcyclist(70%-85%).

21.  Figure 2: Distribution of the districts among the Percentage
Contribution factors for accidents.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Tegeta Buguruni Kigamboni
Suspected use of alcohol
Bad roads
Bad weather
Disobeying of traffic rules
The chart shows that, most of motorcycle accidents are being caused by the tendency of
disobeying of traffic rules (50%-55%) followed by the tendency using alcohol (35%-40%).

24.  Table below : Shows Motorcyclists with riding
license and without license
Driving
License
Kinondoni Ilala Temeke
With License
(%)
60
(%)
70
(%)
50
Without License
40 30 50

25.  This study found that, most of the crashes
occurred between motorcycles and Moto
vehicles were (70-80%) compared to other
studies (50-55%). Crashes between
motorcycle and motorcycle are of (10%)
compared to other studies (7%), motorcycles
and pedestrian (5%) compared to other
studies (10%), lone motorcycle (5%) compared
to other studies (11%), motorcycles and
bicycles (5%) compared to other studies (3%).

26.  Figure : Mechanism of motorcycles crashes.
75%
10%
5%
5% 5%
Percentage on the mechanisms of motorcycle crashes
Motorcycle-Motor vehicle
Motorcycle-Motorcycle
Motorcycle-Pedesterian
Lone motorcycles
Motorcycle-Bicycle

28.  Road traffic deaths and injuries in low and middle-income countries
are estimated to cause economic losses of up to 5% of GDP. The risk
of a road traffic death varies significantly by region, and there has
been little change in the regional rates of death since 2010.
 The highest rates are still in the African Region, while the European
Region has a rate far below the global average (9.3 per 100 000
population, relative to the global rate of 17.5. African Region has
the highest proportion of pedestrian and cyclist deaths at 43% of all
road traffic deaths.
 Road traffic death rates in low- and middle-income countries are
more than double those in high-income countries. The risk of dying
in a road crash remains highest in low- and middle-income
countries. 68 countries have seen a rise in road traffic deaths since
2010, while 79 have seen a decrease.

29.  Laws on key behavioral risk factors for road traffic injuries do
not meet best practice in most countries, while enforcement
of good laws where they do exist is frequently too weak to
allow the potential impact of these laws to be fully realized.
 Speed management, which lies at the heart of an effective
approach to reducing deaths and injuries, is notably poor in
many countries.
 Roads continue to be designed and built without sufficient
attention to the needs of the most vulnerable road users.
 Lack of education for Road users
 Corruption
 Roads are not perceived as dangerous
 Lack of accident registration(Data Collection)

30. Conclusion
 Motorcycles accidents is one of the most high risks are of
road transport in Dar es Salaam and other urban areas in the
country and across Africa, account for many deaths and
injuries led disabilities resulting in the major public health
burden and increase in number of dependency in the country.
 Among many youths whom were jobless, are now being self-
employed and other being employed in this activity. This
helps them in affording their daily life needs and others run
their family through this activity.
 Road traffic injuries place a heavy burden on national
economies as well as on households. In low- and middle-
income countries they particularly affect the economically
active age group, or those set to contribute to family, society
and the workforce in general. Many families are driven deeper
into poverty by the loss of a breadwinner, or by the expenses
of prolonged medical care, or the added burden of caring for
a family member who is disabled from a road traffic injury.
 The economic costs also strike hard at a national level,
imposing a significant burden on health, insurance and legal
systems.

31. Recommendations
 Strictly enforcement of road traffic rules and
regulations that instruct the riders to attend
pre-riding courses and to make assurance
that they have been tested by traffic police
before possessing a riding license. And to
have a law that enforces all motorcyclists and
their passengers to wear helmet during riding
(Enforcement is vital to the success of road
safety laws).
 There should be frequent inspections on
checking the tendency of alcohol usage to
motorcyclists and motor vehicle drivers.

32. Recommendations
 Training sessions for professional drivers on
driving skills and education regarding traffic
rules.
 Motorcyclist safety must be prioritized too.
 Changing road user behavior is a key
component of the Safe Systems approach.
Setting and enforcing good laws relating to
key behavioral risk factors can be effective at
realizing such change.
 Educating other road users with road safety
campaigns.

33. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION !!!!
Bruno Kinyaga
@CILT AFRICA FORUM 2016, Mauritius