Sustainability

6

S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y

NOV 2009

119

6 . 1 S U S TA I N A B L E D E S I G N P R O C E S S A N D R E C O M M E N D AT I O N S

The sustainable master plan lays a path to an envisioned future for the
campus where resources are used wisely, with minimized waste and reduced
operating costs, while creating a healthy and inspiring environment that
contributes to the environmental health of the site and its surrounding
region.
In addition, a good environmental design will contribute to better security
campus wide. CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design)
utilizes its surroundings inclusive of natural and constructed elements such
as raised turf and lighting. This will create an interaction between human
behavior and the built environment which lead to reduction in fear and
incidence of crime towards improved quality of life.
The foundation for this design process is to carry out research into the
ecology of the site, the climate, the culture, the community of people served
by the campus, and a survey of existing facilities.
With that understanding, we consider questions about how to meet the
future plans for development on the campus in a way that is in balance with
nature and user patterns, and that is economically feasible over the long term
of the campus. NUHS and NUS plans to expand its campus with facilities
that are more energy-intensive in nature, such as wet laboratories and acute
patient care, which present a challenge to the university as it seeks to reduce
its energy consumption and operating expense overall. This plan seeks
solutions which will reduce the energy consumption of current facilities
and minimize energy consumption to the greatest degree feasible for new
construction.
The integrated design process is comprised of a series of inquiries in a logical
progression towards a design solution: Information Gathering, Prioritization,
and Definition of Standards for campus development. For each primary area
of environmental impact outlined below, those steps were taken, resulting in
the following recommendations listed in the following pages:
As part of the environmental design, CFD study is recommended for
exhaust, safety and natural ventilation.
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The university will be designed to eliminate waste of resources through the capture and reuse of waste flows
of energy, water, and materials. This system benefits from the diverse uses of the university campus – finding
synergies between varying building types.

6 . 2 S U S TA I N A B L E D E S I G N C O M P O N E N T S
6.2.1 ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Future development and retrofits are to
use the following standards to improve
conservation of energy:

efficiency shall target an improvement
of at least 10% above regulatory baseline
efficiency requirements.

ETTV stands for Envelope Thermal Transfer
Value of the building, as determined in
accordance with the formula set out in BCA’s
“Code on Envelope Thermal Performance
for Buildings” and it is applicable to airconditioned building spaces with aggregate
areas > 500 m2. ETTV should be targeted in
the range of at least 44 W/m2. The baseline
standard based as specified in the Code on
Envelope Thermal Performance for Buildings
issued by BCA is 50W/m2. The salient
parameters such as material properties
for the façade or external wall system,
shading provision and louvre glazing
shall be selected accordingly to meet this
requirement.

For air-conditioned distribution area, CO2
sensors or similar automatic control devices
to be installed to regulate outdoor air flow
rate to maintain the concentration of CO2 to
the level of less than 1000ppm.

Air distribution system (Air Handling
Units (AHUs) & Fan Coil Units (FCUs))
shall comply with Clause 7.11.5 in SS CP13.
The design for the air distribution system

Mechanically ventilated carparks shall
be adequately incorporated with carbon
monoxide (CO) sensors to regulate the
amount of mechanical ventilation (MV)
where applicable for carparks. It is
encouraged to consider fully naturally
ventilated design or otherwise incorporating
fume extract system or combination of
different ventilation modes to reduce MV.
Ventilation shall be adequately provided in
all building for its intended occupancy.
(a) Where natural ventilation is applicable,
it shall be provided by means of openable
windows or other openings with an

aggregate area of not less than –(i) 5% of the
floor area of the room or space required to
be ventilated; and (ii) 15% of the floor area of
the aboveground car parking area required
to be ventilated.
(b)Where mechanical ventilation or
air-conditioning systems are used, the
ventilation rates of these systems shall
comply with SS CP 13 – Code of Practice for
Mechanical Ventilation and Air-Conditioning
in Buildings.

Buildings” shall not exceed 50W/m2.
In respect of roofs without skylight, the
average thermal transmittance (U-value) for
the gross area of the roof shall not exceed the
limit prescribed in the following Tables for
the corresponding weight group:

To encourage the use of energy efficient
design and control of ventilation systems
in common areas i.e. toilets, staircases,
corridors, lift lobbies, atriums etc, natural
ventilation systems shall be used wherever
applicable. If natural ventilation is not
applicable, MV system shall be used.
In respect of roofs with skylight, the roof
thermal transfer value (RTTV) as determined
in accordance with the formula set out in the
“Code on Envelope Thermal Performance for

Note: This requirement does not apply
to building with an aggregate floor
area not exceeding 500 m2, open
sided sheds, covered walkways and
linkways, store rooms and utility rooms
or plants and equipment rooms.
Maximum Thermal Transmittance for Roof of Air-Conditional Building
(Reference: Code for Environmental Sustainability of Buildings Version 1.0)

Maximum Thermal Transmittance for Roof of Non- Air-Conditional Buildingng
(Reference: Code for Environmental Sustainability of Buildings Version 1.0)
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Air Tightness and Leakage:
(a) All windows on the building envelope
shall not exceed the air leakage rates specified
in SS 212 –Specification for Aluminum Alloy
Windows.
(b) Where the door opening is located along
the perimeter of the building envelope or
leading to an exterior open space, external
corridor, passageway or pedestrian walkway,
that unit shall – (i) be completely separated
from the other parts of the building; and (ii)
has its air-conditioning system separated from
and independent of the central system.
To ensure good thermal comfort, it is required
to design air-conditioning systems which
would provide consistent indoor conditions
for thermal comfort as stated below:
•Indoor temperature between 22.5 to 25.5 °C
•Relative Humidity < 70%
The occupied space shall be designed with
ambient sound levels to the recommendation
stated in CP 13 and shall include detailed
analysis, calculations and/or measurements
to ensure that the designed ambient sound
levels are met.
Energy of lighting consumption shall be
minimized with properly designed lighting
level;
(a) Lighting control for artificial lighting shall
be provided in accordance with SS 530.

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(b) The design for the lighting system shall
target the improvement of at least 20% above
the baseline. (Baseline = Maximum lighting
power budget stated in SS 530,Code of
Practice for Energy Efficiency Standard for
Building Services and Equipment)
(c) Building lighting is to be maintained at
luminance level as stated in CP 38 – Code of
Practice for Artificial Lighting in Buildings
for various types of occupancy and in SS 531:
Part 1 : 2006 – Code of Practice for Lighting of
Work Places where appropriate.
Electrical sub-meters shall be provided for
all key building services and energy usage of
end users or tenants for energy consumption
monitoring.
All electrical sub-meters shall be linked to
the Building Management System (BMS) for
energy consumption monitoring.
All lifts shall be incorporated with energy
efficient features such as AC Variable Voltage
Variable Frequency (VVVF) motor drive
or equivalent OR/AND with sleep mode
features or equivalent.
All escalators shall be incorporated with
energy efficient features such as motion
sensors.
Coverage of high frequency ballasts in the
fluorescent luminaries shall be at least 90%
of the applicable areas that are served by
fluorescent luminaires.

Building shall be sited to preserve views,
allow day lighting, shade common
spaces, allow cross-ventilation, eliminate
cross-contamination, and minimize site
disturbances.
Passive design criteria for thermal comfort
and health where building is configured to
reduce glare and solar heat gain, induces
clearly defined process and metrics for
effective natural ventilation
Optimize massing within 20 degrees of an
East-West elongation to reduce solar heat
gain.
Envelope design guidelines – external shading
approaches, glazing performance parameters,
insulation performance parameters.
Design buildings to reduce or eliminate westfacing glazing.
Design shading to reduce heat gain and
maximize daylight with the sun directly
overhead. Recommend treatments that are
most effective at east and west facades.
Optimize glazing selection for daylight
penetration, balanced with reduced heat gain.
Utilize bulk flow analysis to create a standard
for window opening and stack dimensions to
allow for more effective and healthy natural
ventilation to laboratory and patient care
areas.
Utilize daylight sensors throughout to

eliminate unnecessary daytime use of electric
light in non-patient care areas.
Provide for efficacious lighting design
parameters such as controls, daylight
integration, proper fixture spacing, proper
wall and ceiling brightness.
Utilize zoning to create zones where passive
strategies can be used without compromising
lab or patient safety.
Provide systems performance baseline
requirements for infrastructure and building
equipment: Lighting, Ventilation, Cooling,
M&V, escalators/elevators.
Provide systems design requirements for
elimination of waste energy.
Base air changes per hour on air quality
testing in the exhaust duct which detects parts
per million of pollutants.

Campus Infrastructure:
Modular central plant to allow shut down of
subsets of the equipment adjusting to reduce
need.
Plan for an on-campus food waste composting
plant for reducing waste hauling costs and
to generate fertilizer biochar for use in the
campus landscaping needs. Investigate
potential for food waste to be an energy
source through anaerobic digester to produce
biofuel.


NUS team is currently conducting a research & prototype
on Biochar production and utilization. Organic wastes
are used as input into a pyrolysis kiln where incineration
occurs with low or no oxygen to produce Biochar and
syngas. Depending on requirement, composition output
of Biochar and syngas can be adjusted accordingly.
Potential wastes from NUS for future development of
this system are the food waste from canteen and waste
from sewage pipeline. However, due to the risk of the
toxic substances present in the sewage system from
laboratories, focus at the moment will be on canteen food
waste. NUS is currently generating sufficient amounts (25
– 45 tons per month) of food waste to run a pilot Biochar
facilities in future.
The following sources and technologies are to be
considered to meet the identified end uses where feasible.

> To reduce lab emission by 20%.
> New buildings to have energy efficiency increase by 25%
compare to existing buildings.
> Existing buildings’ energy efficiency to be increased by 15%.
> To achieve at least 0.6kW/ton for HVAC system efficiency.
> Currently having <150k tons of CO2.
Following are the list of technologies and strategies that can be
considered:
Exhaust Air Recovery

Chilled water thermal storage cooling

Recover cool exhaust air and direct to the cooling towers to
achieve lower condenser water temperature. This would improve
chiller efficiency.

End Uses
General breakdown of electricity consumption by end use
in campus operations:
1) HVAC system: 55– 65%
2) Lighting system: 6 – 7%
3) Lift & Escalators: 2-3%
4) Lab equipment & others: 37– 25%
Technologies
NUS campus wide sustainability aim:
> To reduce NUS overall Green House Gases (GHG) by
23% against ‘business-as-usual’ level by 2020.
> To design and build energy efficient laboratories.

Ice thermal energy storage cooling
It utilises off peak electricity to produce cooling energy in either chilled
water or ice.

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Heat Pumps

Ultraviolet-C (UVC) Emitter

High Efficiency Lighting

Air-to-water heat pumps are to be installed
in place of conventional electric hot water
systems which produce hot water for showers
and discharges cool air at the same time.
The cool air could be used as supplementary
air conditioning for smaller air conditioned
spaces or for pre-cooling. Cool air could be
used to supplement some of the cooling load
to reduce the chiller loading which will result
in further energy savings.

Auto condenser tube cleaning system
automatically cleans the condenser water
tubes daily to prevent scaling and fouling.
It reduces the frequency for regular tube
cleaning and allows the chiller to maintain
good heat transfer with constant cleaning of
the condenser tubes. It is suitable for use in
buildings with central air-conditioning system
using of water-cooled heat exchangers or
condenser.

UVC emitter can be installed after the cooling
coils of AHUs and FCUs to keep the coils
clean without the need for washing and
chemical cleaning. UVC emitter produces
high output of UVC photons to destroy
bacteria, viruses and mould. A case study by
Florida Hospital showed that installing UVC
emitter in AHU significantly reduced the
need of coil-cleaning and also saved energy.
UVC emitter in AHU provides continuous
disinfection and coil cleaning.

Installing T5 lamps instead of T8 lamps will
yield the same illumination lux level but at
a lower wattage level and giving a lighting
budget of only 11 W/m2, meeting the lighting
power budget based on SS 530.

Air-to-water heat pumps to be installed in place of
conventional electric hot water systems to produce hot
water for the showers.
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Auto Condenser Tube Cleaning

Auto condenser tube cleaning system allows the chiller
to maintain good heat transfer with constant cleaning of
the condenser tubes.

UVC emitter can be installed after the cooling coils of
AHUs and FCUs to keep the coils clean without the
need for washing and chemical cleaning.

Electronic ballasts is a device intended to limit the
amount of current in an electric circuit and operate
fluorescent lamps in the high frequency

NOV 2009

High Frequency Ballasts
Electronic ballasts operate fluorescent lamps
at a high frequency to increase the luminous
flux of the lamp and reduce the operating
wattage by 10%. These ballasts are able to
reduce power losses (10% of lamp wattage).


Photocells / timers and Building Automation
System for external lighting control
External light will be automatically turned
on at dusk and turned off at dawn by the
detection of day light. Singapore sunrise time
varies from 6.46am to 7.17am and the sunset
time varies between 6.50pm and 7.21pm.
A comparison between conventional timer
lighting controls set between 7pm to 7am
against the use of photocell will yield an
average of 2.41% in savings.
Strategic lighting, zoning, and controls
Separate switches to be provided for the
perimeter lights near windows so that lights
can be switched off when there is sufficient

ambient natural lighting. In large offices such
as teachers’ rooms, lightings are grouped in
zones and controlled by separate switches so
that staff can have the flexibility of selecting
a particular zone to be lit. This is useful when
staff are working overtime or working during
weekends when the entire office is not fully
occupied.
Occupancy sensors/motion sensors
Energy is wasted when lights are left on
in unoccupied rooms for prolong periods.
Motion detector contains motion sensors
that transform the detection of motion into
an electric signal. It is commonly used to
prevent illumination by detecting occupant
motion and to only light the space when

Sunshades placed inside or outside the window facade and above eye level. They reflect
sunlight and daylight into the interior space. A flat-sloped ceiling extending from the facade
edge enhances light distribution and reduces contrast and glare.

it is occupied, especially spaces that have
highly variable and unpredictable occupancy
patterns, such as staircases, toilets, gyms, etc.
Light Shelves
Light shelves are sunshades placed inside or
outside the window facade and above eye
level to improve occupant views and comfort.
They reflect sunlight and daylight into the
interior space. They can also at the same time,
shade the glass below and reduce unwanted
direct glare. A sloped ceiling extending from
the facade edge enhances light distribution
and reduces contrast and glare. In addition, it
reduces use of electrical lightings.

Cool paints
Cool paints when applied on the roofs
or exteriors of buildings can significantly
decrease indoor room temperature and hence
reduce cooling load required. Cool paints
have high solar reflectivity as compared to
conventional roofing materials or exterior
surfaces. According to tests conducted
by the University of Athens, the surface
temperature of external surfaces coated with
new generation cool paints are 6°C lower
than the surface temperature of white marble.
It is energy saving by reducing cooling load
required and helps prolong the useful lifespan
of the substrate, while providing the user with
better thermal comfort.

Significantly decrease indoor room temperature and hence reduce cooling load required, has high solar
reflectivity as compared to conventional roofing material or exterior surface.
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Self Cleaning Façade System
External cladding such as ceramic cladding
with hydrotect (TiO2 – Titanium Dioxide)
coating will provide self cleaning properties.
The effect of hydrotect is based on the
principle of the photo catalysis. Titanium
Dioxide (TiO2) is a type of photo catalyst
which can also be applied on the external
facade such as glass, wall tiles and aluminum
claddings to reduce the maintenance and
cleaning of external facades. When exposed
to sunlight, TiO2 absorbs a portion of the
ultra violet light and becomes hydrophilic
where water is not repelled but spreads to
form a thin film on the surface. This enables
the decomposition of bacteria, fungi, algae,
germs and elimination of odors. With the
combination of both photo catalysis and
hydrophilic effect, substantial reduction in
external facade cleaning costs can be achieved.
Besides that, it also can eliminate odors in
the air, kill bacteria and decompose organic
matter when exposed to light. When exposed
to light, TiO2 activates the oxygen molecules,
which decompose bacteria and germs through
photo catalytic activity. It is being used
in commercial and healthcare facilities to
improve the hygiene of its environment.

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Variable Speed Drives
Variable speed drives are installed for cooling
towers, kitchen exhaust fans, pumps, and
air handling units. It reduces the motor
frequency when the load on the equipment is
low to conserve energy.

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Regenerative Lift
The regenerative system recovers the
potential energy accumulated when the lift
goes down with a heavy load. Recovered
energy can either be stored or be reused as
another energy source.

Regenerative Lift
Self Cleaning Facade System

6 . 2 . 2 WAT E R C O N S E R VAT I O N

Future development and retrofits shall
implement the following standards to
improve water conservation:
To encourage reduction in use of potable
water, all water fittings for the development
shall be of Singapore Water Efficiency
Labeling Scheme (WELS) EXCELLENT rating.
This is applicable to all water fittings covered
by the WELS as follows:
•Shower Taps & Mixers
•Basin Taps & Mixers
•Sink/Bib Taps & Mixers
•Flushing Cisterns
•Urinals & Urinal Flush Valve
•Showerheads
Water sub-meters shall be provided for ALL
major water usage i.e. irrigation system,
cooling towers and tenant’s usage where
applicable.
All water sub-meters are to be linked to the
Building Management System (BMS) for
monitoring and leak detection. The BMS
should have specific alert features that can be
set and triggered to detect any water leakage
during operation.
To reduce use of potable water consumption
for irrigation, it is encouraged to use non-PUB
water including rainwater and water efficient
irrigation systems with features such as

automatic sub-soil drip irrigation system with
rain sensor control wherever possible. These
systems should serve more than 50% of the
landscaped areas.
Where buildings are developed with watercooled central chillers systems and package
units, the specifications provided shall require
design of water treatment for cooling tower
to achieve at least six or better cycles of
concentration at acceptable water quality.
Wherever possible, Newater or on-site and
recycled water from approved sources shall
be used to meet the water demand for cooling
purposes.
Waste streams are to be treated and captured
for reuse as a priority over the use of potable
water, where potable water is not required.
Stormwater runoff rate, quantity, and quality
are to meet pre-development stormwater
conditions through landscape and building
design.
To achieve these standards, the following
Sources, Storage, and Applications are to be
implemented where feasible.

Sources:
Stormwater: Annual rainfall approximately
2,370 mm (93 in). or about 6.5mm on average
every day. Storage for reuse requires filtration.

irrigation.

Applications:

Condensate water: Recover condensate from
FCUs / AHUs to supply into cooling tower to
provide cooler condenser water to the chillers.
This would improve chiller efficiency as well.

Landscape: heightening infiltration will
reduce stream bank erosion downstream, and
provide one means for filtration of runoff.
Singapore ABC (Active, Beautiful, Clean)
Waters Design Features are to be used to
retain and treat runoff via natural means
while enhancing the campus landscape.
Green Roofs provide cooling, roof membrane
protection, and reduce runoff.

Wastewater – any reuse would require
filtration to tertiary standards, through
a recirculating biofilter, or a membrane
bioreactor, or reverse osmosis (R.O.) water
processors.
Water Utility – no storage or treatment
required, and is best used for end uses that
require drinking water quality.
Storage:
Design water reuse system at Academic
Green podium so that treated water can be
used immediately, with capacity of system
increasing over time, and perhaps on a
distributed basis to reduce pump energy
cost/impact of distribution.

Fountains: moving water can provide cooling
to outdoor spaces, and can be operated with
non-potable water.
Toilets/Urinals: this use is best met with nonpotable water.
Mechanical make-up water: this use is best
met with non-potable water.
Sanitary – faucets, cleaning: this use must be
met with potable water.

Sizing: Local code restricts water storage for
reuse to a 2-day storage period, requiring that
the specified tank be sized to meet only two
days of projected demand.
Treatment: Prior to storage, all water flows
will require treatment, both for quality (using
a variety of available techniques) and for
colour (using UV filtration).

Rainwater: Harvested rainwater to be used for
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6 . 2 . 3 M AT E R I A L S E F F I C I E N C Y

Future development and retrofits shall follow
standards to improve material efficiency:
Singapore Concrete Usage Index (CUI) is an
indicator of the amount of concrete used to
construct the superstructure which includes
both the structural and non-structural
elements. CUI does not include the concrete
used for external works and sub-structural
works such as basements and foundations.
CUI is defined as the volume of concrete in
cubic meters needed to cast a square meter of
constructed floor area. It is expressed as:

To encourage more efficient concrete usage
for building components based on the
percentage reduction, Concrete Usage Index
(CUI) should meet at least the baseline limit as
show in the Table below and shall target for
better control of concrete usage.

CUI Limit for Non-Residential Building

6 . 2 . 4 E N V I R O N M E N TA L P R O T E C T I O N A N D Q U A L I T Y

Low volatile organic compounds (VOC)
paints that are certified under Singapore
Green Labeling Scheme (SGLS) shall be used
for at least 90% of the internal wall areas.
Adhesive with low formaldehyde emission
and that are certified under SGLS shall be
used for all composite wood products used.
Existing buildings shall be utilized /
reappropriated where possible without
compromising function.
Maximize reuse of demolition waste. Only
when campus reuse is not feasible should
recycling or landfill be allowed.
Material guidelines – local, low-VOC,
and resource-efficient (durable, recycled,
renewable, FSC, etc) – Identify several bulk
materials that can be purchased in contract
over time cost-effectively and with minimal
materials research investment. Singapore
Green Labeling Scheme lists materials
available locally. Please refer to the list of
SGLS materials in the Appendix Chap 9.7.3.
Adequate area shall be set aside for
appropriate waste management measures:
composting, recycling, medical/hazardous
wastes, etc, to ensure safety and waste
minimization.

Future development shall use the following
standards to improve the campus
environment:
Eliminate vehicle traffic in the campus core,
for health, safety, comfort, and air quality
reasons.
Enhance plant and animal species diversity on
the campus.
Provide shaded and breezy outdoor spaces
with superior comfort in all climate conditions
To achieve these standards, the following
strategies are to be pursued where feasible:
a) Create a pedestrian campus by moving
vehicular traffic and parking to the campus
perimeter and providing efficient, clean, and
convenient transit for circulation through the
campus and to the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT).
b) Common level connected walkways
provide a flat common platform for safe
cycling on level terrain. Bicycle storage and
shower facilities to be provided for cyclists
and other public use. In addition, bicycles
available for rent on campus might improve
connection to MRT arriving at campus from
off campus.
c) Enhance habitat corridors - Habitat
corridors will be created within the ‘forest
fingers’ cascading from the Ridge to the green
academic core.
Provide adequate open space with a diversity

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of native plants that support urban fauna.
Eliminate exhaust air blowing into pedestrian
areas.
Ensure that exhaust stacks are positioned
correctly to eliminate re-entrainment of
exhaust into neighboring buildings
Site shall be designed to ensure thermal
comfort at the outdoor spaces – shaded, with
air movement, and natural cooling, perhaps
with water wall technology.

6.3 GREENMARK DISTRICT

PART 1 – ENERGY EFFICIENCY Master Plan Green Mark Implementation

is

is

N

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129


PART 1 – ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Calculation included only the
orientations of the proposed
new buildings

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PART 1 – ENERGY EFFICIENCY

To aim for chiller efficiency of not

capacity is required.

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131


PART 2 – WATER EFFICIENCY Master Plan Green Mark Implementation

Label for Products Under
Mandatory WELS

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Label for Products Under
Voluntary WELS

ABC (Active, Beautiful,
Clean Waters)Strategy


PART 2 – WATER EFFICIENCY Master Mediapolis Master Plan Green Mark Implementation

Drip Irrigation
Rainwater Harvesting

A system of crop irrigation involving the controlled
delivery of water directly to individual plants through a
network of tubes or pipes.

Rainwater Harvesting is a collection of rainwater into a central tank to be used for
irrigation. Water collected from the tank will be supplied and used for irrigation.
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PART 3 – WASTE MATERIAL MANAGEMENT

SGLS Linoleum Flooring

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Brick & Concrete Pavers
with Recycled Content


PART 3 – WASTE MATERIAL MANAGEMENT

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135


PART 4 – ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Covered Walkways
Campus Car Parking

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Section View of a of a Permeable Paving
Sectional View Permeable Paving System

System – Assist of Stormwater
Assist in Reductionin Reduction of Stormwater



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137



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PART 5 – OTHER GREEN FEATURES

Non-chemical water treatment system

Biochar

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NUS/NUHS Green Mark District Pre - Assessment Scoring Summary
1. ENERGY
EFFICIENCY

2. WATER
EFFICIENCY

8

3. ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION

15.75

4. INDOOR ENV.
QUALITY
5. OTHER
GREEN FEATURES

Energy
Score

Score

NOV 2009

1.5

Estimated
Green Mark
Score

45.60

Green
Mark

140

7

Try
Again
0

77.85

Certified
49

50

74

Other Green
Features
Score

Gold
75

GoldPlus
84

85

32.25

Platinum
89

90

100

6 . 4 A I R F L O W S T U D I E S & R E C O M M E N D AT I O N S

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
Studies
CFD Study has been carried out using the
master plan phase one 3D building model
to simulate the prevailing south wind case
airflow at the proposed master plan site. The
sample results obtained are illustrated in the
diagrams at right.

The airflow on the academic green plane shows greater windflow at the
gateway and opening between the buildings, and low wind speed at some
areas of the covered linkway and near to building entrance.

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141

6 . 4 A I R F L O W S T U D I E S & R E C O M M E N D AT I O N S

Recommendation
Each A&A proposal and new building is to
address 2 key ventilation concerns.
a) Impact of exhaust from adjacent buildings
and from the new building.
b) The need to encourage flow of natural cross
winds for thermal comfort at the Academic
Green level.
CFD study using an accurate 3D building
massing is required to ensure that possible
pollutants are channeled away from air
intakes and naturally ventilated occupied
areas.

The airflow diagram illustrates the wind path above and between the buildings.

Any new building form shall be configured
to ensure proper airflow whereby possibly
polluted air is channeled above the building
to be diluted above roof level while clean
prevailing winds are captured at mid level
and scooped down to the Academic Green
level to increase thermal comfort.
The naturally cross ventilated areas are to
comply with the recommended airflow of
0.6m/sec at the height of 1.5m above the
occupied space. Under certain ambient
conditions, it is possible for wind speeds
as low as 0.3m/s to contribute to thermal
comfort as well. Some of the open areas which
have covered walkways and are near to
building entrances may not require high wind
speeds as strong breezes induce the wind
driven rain.

Airflow at proposed FoS1 building area showing the air is chanelled above
and below through the gateway of the building.
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NOV 2009

Sustainability

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