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Role of ultrasound in iugr
1. ROLE OF ULTRASOUND IN IUGR
Under guidance of
Prof Dr Jayashree Mohanty , (HOD , Dept Of Radiodiagnosis, SCB MCH
)
Asso Prof Dr Basanta Manjari Swain, (Dept Of Radiodiagnosis, SCB
MCH )
Asst Prof Dr Mamata Singh, ( Dept Of Radiodiagnosis, SCB MCH )
Asst Prof Dr Pooja Mishra, ( Dept Of Radiodiagnosis, SCB MCH )
`
Asst Prof Dr Shantibhusan Das,( Dept Of Radiodiagnosis, SCB MCH )
BY DR CHIDANANDA PATRO, 3RD YR JR
DEPT OF RADIODIAGNOSIS, SCB MCH CUTTACK
2. SGA
decrease fetal weight below the 10th
percentile for gestational age or 2 SD below
the mean for GA as determined through an
ultrasound.
3.
4. SIGNIFICANCE OF SGA DIAGNOSIS
High mortality
Half of them surviving have serious short
term and long term morbidity , MAS,
pneumonia , metabolic disorders
5. Being small for gestational age is broadly
either:[4]
1.Being constitutionally small, ( no maternal
pathology, normal UA, MCA)
2.Intrauterine growth restriction, also called
"pathological SGA"
15. AMNIOTIC FLUID
It’s a marker of chronic stress, often used as
independent indicator of delivery
Blood shunted to cerebral and coronary
circulations
Decreased renal perfusion leading to less
urine thus oligohydramnios
Low fluid has correlation with poor outcome
IUGR + polyhydramnios ominous
combination high risk of trisomy 18
16. FETAL BIOPHYSICAL PROFILE
Currently gold standard for evaluation
Uses 4 usg parameters and NST
1. fetal movement
2.fetal tone
3. fetal breathing movement
4. Amniotic fluid
18. LIMITATION
less reliable in the severely premature fetus
because of lack of brain maturity and should
not be administered before 24 weeks’
gestation
the biophysical state of the fetus is affected
by administration of corticosteroids, which
may cause depression of fetal breathing and
movement for a few days after treatment
20. DOPPLER VELOCITY WAVEFORM
Identifies the fetus at risk
Helps in monitoring
Provides a tool to assess the appropriate
timing of delivery
Improves pregnancy outcomes
21. UMBILICAL ARTERY
It is direct reflection of placental flow obliteration
Can be assessed in 3 sites – placental origin,
fetal abdominal site insertion or in free floating
Resistance at abdominal site is higher &
progressively decreases towards placental site
By about 15 weeks of gestation, diastolic flow
can be identified in the UA. With advancing
gestational age, the end-diastolic velocity
increases secondary to the decrease in
placental resistance. This is reflected in
decreases in the S/D or PI
22. s/d ratio 2-3 in 2nd &3rd trimester
PI – 2nd trim (1.5 - 2)
- 3rd trim (1 – 1.5)
RI – in late 2nd & 3rd around 0.5
23.
24. Here defective trophoblastic invasion causes
increased placental resistance, hence
decreased forward flow in UA during diastole
S/D , PI, RI all of them increases
Changes are seen only when 60% of placental
blood flow is obliterated.
Eventually diastolic flow reaches zero = AEDF
Further increase causes reversal= REDF (high
perinatal mortality)
25.
26. Umbilical Doppler flow measurements are
the most valuable current technique to
distinguish the sick IUGR fetus from the well
IUGR fetus.
indicates whether an identified SGA fetus is
affected by placental dysfunction or not.
27. UTERINE ARTERIES
Reflects trophoblastic invasion
In early pregnancy, the uterine circulation is
characterized by high vascular impedance and
low flow, giving a waveform with persistent end-
diastolic velocity and continuous forward blood
flow throughout diastole. As the trophoblastic
invasion and spiral artery modification proceed,
placental perfusion increases and the
uteroplacental circulation becomes a high-flow,
low-resistance system giving a waveform with
greater end-diastolic flow.
28.
29. When the normal trophoblastic invasion and
modification of spiral arteries is interrupted
there is increased impedance to flow within
the uterine arteries and decreased placental
perfusion, it results in
1. Persistence of diastolic notch beyond 24
weeks
2. Low diastolic flow reflecting as increased PI
30.
31. presence of a notching in late in pregnancy
is an indicator of increased uterine vascular
resistance and impaired uterine circulation .
Bilateral notching is more concerning.
Unilateral notching of the uterine artery on
the ipsilateral side of the placenta, if the
placenta is along one lateral wall (right or
left) carries the same significance as bilateral
notching.
32. If the PI of both the uetrine artery are normal
patient can be informed that she will most
likely not develop pre eclampsia or IUGR , as
it has 99% predictive value
33. FETAL CEREBRAL CIRCULATION
MCA is vessel of choice as it is easily
identifiable and easily reproducible
It reflects cerebral flow
Normally – high resistance with continous
forward diastolic flow
34. Mild hypoxia – umbilical artery resistance
increases , no change in blood flow pattern
except mild increased psv
↑ hypoxia – aortic chemoreceptor
stimulation→reflex redistribution of cardiac
output→ increased flow to brain (brain
sparing effect)
Reflected as reduced PI indicating
compromised fetus in utero
35.
36. CEREBRO PLACENTAL RATIO
To describe placental resistance and cerebral
adaptation Arbielle et al describes cerebral placental
ratio
t is calculated by dividing the Doppler pulsatility index
of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) by the umbilical
artery (UA) pulsatility index:
CPR = MCA PI / UA PI
C:p is constant during pregnancy particularly after 30
weeks & all value less than 1 are abnormal
37. VENOUS CIRCULATION
Ductus venosus reflects acidosis
triphasic waveform comprises of:
S wave: corresponds to fetal ventricular
systolic contraction and is the highest peak
D wave: corresponds to fetal early
ventricular diastole and is the second highest
peak
A wave: corresponds to fetal atrial
contraction and is the lowest point in the
wave form albeit still being in the forward
direction
38.
39. Under hypoxic condition, cardiac
decompensation→↑ right atrial pressure→
reduction of a wave to baseline
Further hypoxia→ reversal of a wave
40.
41.
42. UMBILICAL VEIN
Relects myocardial activity
Normal – monophasic with continous forward
flow
It is the last vessel to be affected when
hypoxia develops
During hypoxia heart failure occurs pulsatile
wave pattern with reversal of flow occurs
Double pulsation signifies severe cardiac
insufficiency
43.
44. FETAL CARDIAC SYSTEM
Get a 4 chamber view & place the sample volume just
distal to the valve leaflets.
Normally 2 waves
E wave -first peak , reflects passive ventricular filling in
early diastole
A wave –second peak reflects the atrial contraction in late
diastole
Early in gestation – A > E
With advancing gestation, early diastole E increases and
reaches late diastole A
In growth-restricted fetuses, the E/A ratio is higher than
that of normal fetuses controlled for gestational age due
to preload impairment without impairment in fetal
myocardial diastolic function.
47. CONTD….
After reaching 34 wks , no much use of
prolonging pregnancy
Factors that suggest immediate delivery
depite gestational age
Severe oligohydramnios
Evidence of brain sparing , with ominous
doppler study
Maternal compromise
48. SUMMARY
Although multiple vessels have been
investigated in FGR, a combination of arterial
and venous vessels is the most practicable
to demonstrate the degree of placental
disease, level of redistribution and degree of
cardiac compromise.
The umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery,
ductus venosus and inferior vena cava
provide a comprehensive evaluation of these
aspects.
49. Q WHICH AMONG THESE IS BETTER
PREDICTOR OF PERINATAL MORTALITY ?
MCA PSV
MCA PI
Answer MCA PSV
Further hypoxia → brain edema→ ↑intracranial
pressure→reversal of diastolic flow→grave