this ppt is about the fiber technology

1. OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION
Prepared by : -
Bhavishya Garg
Mohit suthar
Bharat parmar
Prashant sharma

2. OFC
Network
2

3. OFC
Network
3

5. HOW FIBRE WORKS
The operation of an Optical Fibre is based on the principle of
Total Internal Reflection (TIR).
Light reflects or refracts (bends) depending on the angle at
which it strikes a surface. This occurs because different
interfaces between materials refract light in different ways.
81
8181
81
n1
n2
n3n=1.49
n=1.48
n=1.8

6.  MULTI MODE:
Multi mode fiber was the first type of commercial fiber, which has larger core
diameter (50 or 62.5nm) allowing multiple modes of light to propagate through
the fiber simultaneously.
It is used primarily for short distances (<2KM) such as LAN communication, due
to more loss and less bandwidth capacity.
 SINGLE MODE:
Single Mode fiber has a much smaller core (8-10nm) that allows only one mode
of light at a time to propagate through the core.
This is widely used for all voice/data transmission applications over long
distances and high capacities.
125micro
metre
8-10
micrometre
125
micrometre
50 - 62.5
micrometre
Single Mode
Multi Mode
TYPES OF FIBER USED IN CUMMUNICATION

7. DEFINITION
mechanical device for joining two pieces of paper
or film or magnetic tape or fibers
process of the permanent connection of two pieces
of optical fibers is called Splicing
 mechanical splicing
 fusion splicing
Splicing
TYPES OF SPLICING

8. MECHANICAL SPLICING
 bonding two fibers
together in an
alignment structure
 Transparent adhesive
- e.g. epoxy resin
 Commonly used
groove
- V-groove
TYPES OF SPLICING

9. FUSION SPLICING
 Fusing the two fibers
 Flame heating sources
- micro-plasma burners, oxy-
hydric micro-burners, electric
arc..
 Advantage
- consistent and easily controlled
heat with adaptability
 Possible drawback
- weakening of fiber in the vicinity
of splice
TYPES OF SPLICING

10. COMPARISON
Mechanical splicing Fusion splicing
Reflection losses
(-45 db to -55 db)
No reflection losses
Insertion loss
(0.2 db)
Very low insertion loss
(0.1 db to .15 db)
cost – high Comparatively less

11. HOW TO IDENTIFY THE FACTORS WHICH GIVES HIGH LOSS ???
1. Clean the fiber and the V-Grooves well to ensure that the external parameter
are not affecting the splice loss.
2. View the splice parameters while splicing so that the cleave angle, view ang
and geometry of the fiber can be verified.
3. Check whether the machine is okay.

12. FUSION SPLICER
FSM-16S
manufacturer : Fujikura
manufacturer : Ericsson
SPLICER CLOSER

13. TEST INSTRUMENTS
 OTDR : Optical Time Domain Reflectometer -To detect
faults/breaks in the FO links.
 Optical Power Meter : To measure the optical power at the end
of Fibre.
 Optical Source : To send light source in to the Fibre for testing-
Laser/LED.

14. • Single-ended measurement tool
• Provides a detailed picture of section-by-section loss
• Operates by sending a high-power pulse of light down the fiber and
measuring the light reflected back
• Uses the time it takes for individual reflections to return to determine
the distance of each event
• Measures/characterizes:
Fiber attenuation
Attenuation example (new G.652.C fibers)
0.33 dB/km at 1310 nm (0.35 dB/km for worst case)
0.21 dB/km at 1490 nm (0.27 dB/km for worst case)
0.19 dB/km at 1550 nm (0.25 dB/km for worst case)
What is an optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR)?

15. OTDR BASIC PRINCIPLES
OTDR Basic Principles
An OTDR sends short pulses of light into a fiber. Light scattering occurs in the
fiber due to discontinuities such as connectors, splices, bends, and faults. An
OTDR then detects and analyzes the backscattered signals. The signal strength
is measured for specific intervals of time and is used to characterize events.
The OTDR to calculate distances as follows:
Distance = c/n * t/2
c = speed of light in a vacuum (2.998 x 108 m/s)
t = time delay from the launch of the pulse to the reception of the pulse
n = index of refraction of the fiber under test (as specified by the manufacturer)

16. REFLECTOMETRY THEORY
• The OTDR launches short light pulses
(from 5 ns to 20 µs)
• Measuring the difference between the
launching time and the time of arrival
of the returned signal, it determines the
distance between the launching point
and the event.

18. GIS :
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SYSTEM

19. WHAT IS GIS :
 Geographic information system
(GIS): a computer-based information
system that enables capture,
modeling, storage, retrieval,
sharing, manipulation, and
presentation of geographically
referenced data