Values Education

1. VALUES EDUCATION
Philosophy of Man
Western Philosophy
C.C. Relleve, EdD, RGC

2. Philosophy
Thesciencewhoseessenceisfoundedonreason, experience,reflection,intuition,meditation, imagination,andspeculationthatleadstoCRITICALTHINKINGwhichembracesquestioning,analysing,criticizing,synthesizing, evaluating,andjudgingagivenphenomenonofreality.

3. Philosophy of Human Person
isanendeavour,whichisnotanenditselfbutmeanstoanend
-isone’sdesiretoknowwhoandwhatmanis
-dealswiththeoriginofhumanlife,thenatureofthehumanlife,andtherealityofhumanexistence

4. Greek Philosophersbelieves that the stuff that constitutes the world is also the same stuff that constitutes human
Thales–wateristheworldstuff.Inthesomaticlevelofhumannature,itisscientificknowledgethatthehumanbraincontains80%waterand70%inthehumanbody.
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5. Greek Philosophers
Anaximenes–theairistheworld-stuff.Humanisair. Hebelievesthatthehumanpersoniscomposedofbodyandsoul.Bodyisacondensedairandthesoulisrarefiedair.Forhim,airtheprincipleoflifesincesouliscomposedofair
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6. Greek Philosophers
Phytagoras–depictedthatsoulisimmortal,divine,& subjectedtometaphysics.Asimmortalanddivine,thesoulhasfallenandisincarnatedinbodyuntilitgetspurified& finallyassuresreunificationwiththedivine.Thisreunificationispossibleonlythroughconstantreincarnation.
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7. Greek Philosophers
Protagoras(representativeofthesophist)–humanistheultimatecriterionoftruth.Accordingtohim, “manisthemeasureofallthings,ofallthingsthatarethattheyareandofthingsthattheyarenot”. Therefore,humanistheabsolutepossessoroftruth.
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8. Greek Philosophers
Socrates–humanbeingisabeingwhothinksandwills.Human’sresponsibilityistodiscoverthetruth;truthaboutgoodlifeforitisknowingthegoodlifethathumancanactcorrectly
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9. Greek Philosophers
Plato-thenatureofthehumanpersonisseeninthemetaphysicaldichotomy(separation)betweenbodyandsoul…Thesedualisticentitieshavedistinctivequalities,whicharecontradictorytoeachother.
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10. For Plato, the body is material, it cannot live and move apart from the soul; it is mutable and destructible. On the contrary, the soul is immaterial; it can exist apart from the body, it is immutable & indestructible.
His theory of the soul divided into three components; reason, will, and appetite. He contended that one could identity the parts of the soul because they sometimes clash with each other. A person may crave or have an appetite for something, yet resist the craving with willpower.
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11. Three Component of the Soul
1.TheRATIONALSOUL(mindorintellect)isthethinkingportionwithineachofus,whichdiscernswhatisrealandnotmerelyapparent, judgeswhatistrueandwhatisfalse,andwiselymakestherationaldecisionsinaccordancewithw/chumanlifeismostproperlylived.
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12. Three Component of the Soul
2.TheSPIRITEDSOUL(willorvolition)istheactiveperson;itsfunctionistocarryoutthedictatesofreasoninpracticallife,courageouslydoingwhatevertheintellecthasdeterminedtobebest.
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13. Three Component of the Soul
3.TheAPPETITIVESOUL(emotionordesire)istheportionofeachofusthatwantsandfeelsmanythings;mostofw/cmustbedifferedinthefaceofrationalpursuitsifwearetoachieveasalutarydegreeofself-control.
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14. ForARISTOTLE,thereisnodichotomybetweenhuman’sbodyandsoul.Bodyandsoulareinonestateofunity.Inthisunity,thesoulactsasthefullrealizationofthebodywhilethebodyisamaterialentity,w/chasapotentialforlife.Thebodyismatterofthesoulandthesoulfromthebody.Therefore,bodyandsoulisinseparable.
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15. ForSTOICS,thesoulismatterandhassevenparts.Thesearethefivesenses, thepowerofspeech,andthepowerofreproduction,forthem,speechistantamounttoreasoningsothatitisconsideredastherulingpartofthesoul.
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16. Another Stoic view is that, human nature is part of determined universe. With this they emphasize that human should conform himself to the course of nature. “Man must be the subject of the will of God and to the law of nature” It is man’s submission to the law of nature that makes man seek of virtue. Only in doing this that human person conform himself/herself to the will of God. Therefore, human’s submission to the will of God is man’s conformity w/ nature…
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17. MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHERS (Medieval Philosophy is Theodicy. Theodicy is the philosophical science of God. All Philosophies under this period views on the existence of God)
1. For ST. AUGUSTINE, God created human w / a mortal body w/ an immortal soul and gave him/her free will. For him the source of evil is free will. God created human good, but the good when he/she turns himself away from God.
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18. Thehumanpersonisresponsiblefortheexistenceofevil,notGodbecauseGodcannotwillit;HeisabsoluteGoodness.Forthese,St. Augustinebelievesthathuman’snature,his/herfreewill,thatmakeshumanimperfectbuthumanisalsocapableofreachingperfectiononlyifhe/shekeepshimself/herselfgood.
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19. Thehumanpersonisresponsiblefortheexistenceofevil,notGodbecauseGodcannotwillit;HeisabsoluteGoodness.Forthese,St.Augustinebelievesthathuman’snature,his/herfreewill,thatmakeshumanimperfectbuthumanisalsocapableofreachingperfectiononlyifhe/shekeepshimself/herselfgood. 12/13/2014 19

20. 2. ST.THOMAS AQUINAS understands the human person as a whole. He claims that the human person is substantially united body and soul. The soul is united w/ the human body and it is the principle of life. However, the soul requires the body as the material medium for its operation particularly perception. But the soul has operative functions, w/c do not need a material medium; they are human’s intellect and will. Thus, at death, the intellect & will remain in the soul as it is immortal, simple, and incorruptible.
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21. Reference
•A Reviewer for the Licensure Examination for Teachers, PNU 2006