First Quarter Review

First Quarter Review,[object Object]

What are the characteristics of a mineral?,[object Object],Solid,[object Object],Inorganic – not living,[object Object],Crystalline structure/pattern,[object Object],Definite chemical makeup – same elements/compounds,[object Object],Naturally occurring – not man-made ,[object Object]

How are minerals used?,[object Object],Ore - valuable,[object Object],Gemstones/jewelry,[object Object],Nutrition,[object Object],Diamond drill bits,[object Object],Cleaning products,[object Object],Reclamation: fix the land after mining – return to original or better condition,[object Object]

How are rocks classified?,[object Object],Texture – mineral grains: coarse, medium, fine,[object Object],Mineral composition – more than 1 mineral,[object Object],Formation – how they are formed, not where they are found,[object Object]

The Rock Cycle,[object Object],Continual – no beginning, no end,[object Object],Rocks can travel any path,[object Object],Actions between changes… Look for key words,[object Object]

Sedimentary Rocks,[object Object],Sediment – bits of rock,[object Object],WEDCC: weathering (breaking down to create sediment), erosion (moving of sediment), deposition (dropping of sediment), compaction (squeezing of sediment), and cementation (sediment glued together after the evaporation of mineral solution),[object Object],Can be formed from any type of rock,[object Object]

Sedimentary Rock Types,[object Object],Organic – once living material,[object Object],Chemical,[object Object],Clastic – cemented together,[object Object],Conglomerate, sandstone,[object Object]

Igneous Rocks,[object Object],Melting, cooling, and hardening,[object Object],Intrusive: magma – below surface, cools slowly, large crystals; coarse-grained texture – granite,[object Object],Extrusive: lava, above surface, cools quickly, small crystals, fine-grained or glassy texture – basalt, obsidian,[object Object]

Metamorphic Rocks,[object Object],Heat – from mantle,[object Object],Pressure – from layers of rock above,[object Object],Foliated (banded, layered) and nonfoliated (nonbanded, not layered),[object Object],Composition can actually be changed,[object Object],Can be formed from any rock type,[object Object],Gneiss,[object Object]

Fossils,[object Object],Remains or traces of once living things,[object Object],Mold (imprint), cast (rock fills in), petrified (mineral replacement - forests), amber, tar/asphalt (LeBrea Tar Pits),[object Object],Trace fossils – evidence of activity (tail, footprint),[object Object],Index fossils – short lifespan, widespread geographically, numerous: trilobyte and ammonite,[object Object]

Relative Age/Dating,[object Object],Approximate,[object Object],Index fossils date rock layers,[object Object],Superposition (older on bottom in geologic column),[object Object],Original horizontality – undisturbed ,[object Object],Uniformitarianism – gradual, consistent – past helps us understand present,[object Object]

Absolute Age/Dating,[object Object],Exact age in years,[object Object],Radioactive decay: rate of decay in radioactive element – unstable to stable (half life),[object Object],Carbon-14: on once living organisms (carbon, organic) – up to 50,000 years,[object Object]

Geologic Time,[object Object],Breaks geologic time into manageable parts: eon, era, period, epoch,[object Object],Based on changes in fossil evidence (life changes),[object Object],Paleozoic (largest mass extinction), Mesozoic (reptiles – dinosaurs), Cenozoic (mammals, now),[object Object],Gaps in time – only a few organisms fossilized,[object Object]

Fossil Fuels,[object Object],From once living organisms; millions of years to form,[object Object],We rely on them,[object Object],Photochemical smog (worse in spring, summer), acidic precipitation (rain), worsens global warming/ozone damage,[object Object],Nonrenewable - depleting rapidly,[object Object],Coal, petroleum (oil), natural gas, gasohol,[object Object]

Alternative Energy,[object Object],Expensive to implement,[object Object],Less pollution,[object Object],Wind (renewable), biomass (organic, renewable), solar (Sun’s radiation, photocell, renewable), hydroelectric (Lake Lanier, dam, renewable), geothermal (renewable), nuclear (fission, nonrenewable, radioactivity?),[object Object]

Conservation,[object Object],Use less,[object Object],Use what we do have more efficiently,[object Object],Recycle,[object Object],Water at night, don’t let the water run, carpool, turn the lights off, use energy-saver settings on appliances,[object Object]

Soil Conservation,[object Object],Prevent erosion of soil,[object Object],Dust Bowl – loss of topsoil due to erosion (wind),[object Object],Cover crops (protect topsoil), contour plowing, crop rotation (prevent nutrient depletion), terracing (flat sections on hills), windbreaks (slow down wind),[object Object]

First Quarter Review

First Quarter Review

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First Quarter Review