OIE animal welfare killing of poultry for disease control

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In January 2012, the OIE gave in Japan an update on the latest developments in killing animals for disease control purposes. The Anoxia method was one of the presented techniques. Today, one year later, the Anoxia technique is commercially available worldwide. Inhumane killing of animals is not longer necessary and the risks of getting infected has been reduced to a minimum.

Notícias e política

Intensions of killing animals for
disease control purposes
• Protecting human health
• Eliminating suffering in
diseased animals
• Preventing suffering in
susceptible animals

• Maintaining healthy national
heard or flock
• Sustaining viable farming /
food supply chain
2

Killing methods
• Lethal injection of anaesthetics
• Maceration – newly hatched chicks / unconscious
poultry
• Neck dislocation / decapitation of poultry species
in small numbers
• Electrical stunning and bleeding / electrocution
• Gas mixtures – containerised and whole house
gassing systems for poultry
• Exposure to gas mixture followed by maceration of
poultry
• Fire fighting foam for poultry
• High expansion foam with gases for poultry
• Anaesthetics in feed or water - poultry and other
birds followed by killing (maceration)
3

During the kill
• Staff rotation and counselling
• Counselling to animal owners
• Interaction with other departments
– Transport to deal with traffic diversion
– Police to maintain exclusion zones
– Weather forecast from met office

• Cleaning and maintenance of
stunning / killing equipment
4

After the kill
• Check all animals are dead
Know the important signs of
effective stunning and killing
methods used in all farm animal
species
5

Scientific reports and guidelines
Consult
American Veterinary Medical Association
(AVMA)
http://www.avma.org/issues/animal_welfare/euthanasia.pdf

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)
http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/science/ahaw/ahaw_opinions/495.html

World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)
http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/mcode/en_chapitre_3.7.6.htm
6

Method selection criteria
• Nature of disease (e.g. notifiable,
zoonotic) or disaster (e.g. floods)
• Location of farm
• Species, number, size and age of animals
• Operators’ health and safety
• Availability of resources and expertise
• Biosecurity
• Cost and efficacy of method
7

Prepare coherent national and
state contingency plans
Example
:

Prepare species- and killing methodspecific standard operating procedures
8

Staff training and education
• Nationwide planning, co-ordination and
execution of control measures during
outbreaks
• Inform people of their responsibilities and
provide necessary training
• Mock exercise
– like fire evacuation drill in public offices

• Identify gaps / inadequacies
• Provide education to acquire skills, if
necessary
9

Known or established killing
methods
Two separate presentations:
• Poultry species – Mohan Raj
• Red meat species – Rasto Kolesar

10

Poultry: Captive bolt

Cartridge
Compressed air
13

Head-only electrical stunning
followed by bleeding or neck
dislocation

14

Gas mixtures
Carbon dioxide has been used in,
Skips and waste bins

Modified Atmosphere Killing (MAK) Carts
Containers
16

Carbon monoxide
Used in South
East Asia
There are
serious animal
welfare
concerns

Whole house gassing with CO has
been tested in the Netherlands and
Belgium

24

Fire Fighting Foam
low expansion foam (LEF)
Avifoam by Kifco

25

High expansion foam (HEF)
- UK trials

26

Waterfowl

Electrical methods
Gas mixtures (CGU)
High expansion foam filled
with gas mixtures
27

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H5N8 virus dutch outbreak (2014) linked to sequences of strains from asia

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Avian influenza virus-infected poultry can release a large amount of virus-contaminated droppings that serve as sources of infection for susceptible birds. Much research so far has focused on virus spread within flocks. However, as fecal material or manure is a major constituent of airborne poultry dust, virus-contaminated particulate matter from infected flocks may be dispersed into the environment. This study, demonstrates the presence of airborne influenza virus RNA downwind from buildings holding LPAI-infected birds, and the observed correlation between field data on airborne poultry and livestock associated microbial exposure and the OPS-ST model. These findings suggest that geographical estimates of areas at high risk for human and animal exposure to airborne influenza virus can be modeled during an outbreak, although additional field measurements are needed to validate this proposition. In addition, the outdoor detection of influenza virus contaminated airborne dust during outbreaks in poultry suggests that practical measures can assist in the control of future influenza outbreaks. In general, exposure to airborne influenza virus on commercial poultry farms could be reduced both by minimizing the initial generation of airborne particles and implementing methods for abatement of particles once generated. As an example, emergency mass culling of poultry using a foam blanket over the birds instead of labor-intensive whole-house gassing followed by ventilation reduces both exposure of cullers and dispersion of contaminated dust into the environment, contributing to the control of influenza outbreaks.

Wind mediated spread of LPAI

Harm Kiezebrink

Estimates of the per-contact probability of transmission between farms of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza virus of H7N7 subtype during the 2003 epidemic in the Netherlands are important for the design of better control and biosecurity strategies. We used standardized data collected during the epidemic and a model to extract data for untraced contacts based on the daily number of infectious farms within a given distance of a susceptible farm. With these data, the ‘maximum likelihood estimation’ approach was used to estimate the transmission probabilities by the individual contact types, both traced and untraced. The outcomes were validated against literature data on virus genetic sequences for outbreak farms. The findings highlight the need to 1) Understand the routes underlying the infections without traced contacts and 2) To review whether the contact-tracing protocol is exhaustive in relation to all the farm’s day-to-day activities and practices.

Per contact probability of infection by Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza

Harm Kiezebrink

A comparison between the transmission risk pattern predicted by the model and the pattern observed during the 2003 epidemic reveals that the wind-borne route alone is insufficient to explain the observations although it could contribute substantially to the spread over short distance ranges, for example, explaining 24% of the transmission over distances up to 25 km. In this generic overview, you will find the date used in the publication “Modelling the Wind-Borne Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus between Farms”, published February 2012 (http://n2gf.com/?p=2377). For the outbreak of avian influenza A(H7N7) in the Netherlands in 2003, much data are available. The overview gives a description of the data used in the analyses of the mentioned publication: Epidemiological data There were 5360 poultry farms in the Netherlands in 2003, for all of which geographical information x is available. For 1531 farms the flocks were culled, for all of these the date of culling Tcull is known. For 227 of the 241 infected farms the date of infection tinf has been estimated, based on mortality data. The remaining 14 farms are hobby farms, defined as farms with less than 300 animals, for which no mortality data are available. The geographic and temporal data together have previously been used to estimate the critical farm density, i.e. above what density of farms outbreaks are can occur. Genetic data The HA, NA and PB2 genes of viral samples from 231 farms have previously been sequenced. Sequence data RNA can be found in the GISAID database under accession numbers EPI ISL 68268-68352, EPI ISL 82373-82472 and EPI ISL 83984-84031. These data have previously been used to give general characteristics of the outbreak, to reconstruct the transmission tree and to assess the public health threat due to mutations of the virus in the animal host. Meteorological data Available meteorological data include wind speed wv and direction wdir (with a ten degree precision) and the fraction of time r without precipitation for every hour of every day of the outbreak, measured at five weather stations close to the infected farms. These data are available from the Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute at www.knmi.nl.

Supplementary information wind mediated transmission HPAI

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H5N8 virus dutch outbreak (2014) linked to sequences of strains from asia

Wind mediated spread of LPAI

Per contact probability of infection by Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza

Supplementary information wind mediated transmission HPAI

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OIE animal welfare killing of poultry for disease control

1. IMPROVED ANIMAL WELFARE PROGRAM (IAWP)

2. Intensions of killing animals for disease control purposes • Protecting human health • Eliminating suffering in diseased animals • Preventing suffering in susceptible animals • Maintaining healthy national heard or flock • Sustaining viable farming / food supply chain 2

3. Killing methods • Lethal injection of anaesthetics • Maceration – newly hatched chicks / unconscious poultry • Neck dislocation / decapitation of poultry species in small numbers • Electrical stunning and bleeding / electrocution • Gas mixtures – containerised and whole house gassing systems for poultry • Exposure to gas mixture followed by maceration of poultry • Fire fighting foam for poultry • High expansion foam with gases for poultry • Anaesthetics in feed or water - poultry and other birds followed by killing (maceration) 3

4. During the kill • Staff rotation and counselling • Counselling to animal owners • Interaction with other departments – Transport to deal with traffic diversion – Police to maintain exclusion zones – Weather forecast from met office • Cleaning and maintenance of stunning / killing equipment 4

5. After the kill • Check all animals are dead Know the important signs of effective stunning and killing methods used in all farm animal species 5

6. Scientific reports and guidelines Consult American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) http://www.avma.org/issues/animal_welfare/euthanasia.pdf European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/science/ahaw/ahaw_opinions/495.html World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/mcode/en_chapitre_3.7.6.htm 6

7. Method selection criteria • Nature of disease (e.g. notifiable, zoonotic) or disaster (e.g. floods) • Location of farm • Species, number, size and age of animals • Operators’ health and safety • Availability of resources and expertise • Biosecurity • Cost and efficacy of method 7

8. Prepare coherent national and state contingency plans Example : Prepare species- and killing methodspecific standard operating procedures 8

9. Staff training and education • Nationwide planning, co-ordination and execution of control measures during outbreaks • Inform people of their responsibilities and provide necessary training • Mock exercise – like fire evacuation drill in public offices • Identify gaps / inadequacies • Provide education to acquire skills, if necessary 9

10. Known or established killing methods Two separate presentations: • Poultry species – Mohan Raj • Red meat species – Rasto Kolesar 10

11. Poultry: Neck dislocation 11

12. Waterfowl: neck dislocation 12

13. Poultry: Captive bolt Cartridge Compressed air 13

14. Head-only electrical stunning followed by bleeding or neck dislocation 14

15. Mobile electrocution (water bath) 15

16. Gas mixtures Carbon dioxide has been used in, Skips and waste bins Modified Atmosphere Killing (MAK) Carts Containers 16

17. Dry ice in a bag 17

18. Gaseous CO2 in skip and bin 18

19. Containerised Gassing Unit (CGU) 19

20. Mobile gaseous killing units 20

21. Mobile CO2 system 21

22. Whole house gassing (WHG) with CO2 22

23. WHG battery cage 23

24. Carbon monoxide Used in South East Asia There are serious animal welfare concerns Whole house gassing with CO has been tested in the Netherlands and Belgium 24

25. Fire Fighting Foam low expansion foam (LEF) Avifoam by Kifco 25

26. High expansion foam (HEF) - UK trials 26

27. Waterfowl Electrical methods Gas mixtures (CGU) High expansion foam filled with gas mixtures 27

OIE animal welfare killing of poultry for disease control

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