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Robbins9 ppt13 change
1.
ninth edition STEPHEN P.
ROBBINS © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc.© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.All rights reserved. PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie CookPowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook The University of West AlabamaThe University of West Alabama MARY COULTER Managing ChangeManaging Change and Innovationand Innovation ChapterChapter 1313
2.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–2 L E A R N I N G O U T L I N EL E A R N I N G O U T L I N E Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapterFollow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.. Forces for Change: Two Views of the ChangeForces for Change: Two Views of the Change ProcessProcess • Discuss the external and internal forces for change.Discuss the external and internal forces for change. • Contrast the calm waters and white-water rapidsContrast the calm waters and white-water rapids metaphors of change.metaphors of change. • Explain Lewin’s three-step model of the change process.Explain Lewin’s three-step model of the change process. Managing Organizational ChangeManaging Organizational Change • Define organizational change.Define organizational change. • Contrast internal and external change agents.Contrast internal and external change agents. • Explain how managers might change structure,Explain how managers might change structure, technology, and people.technology, and people.
3.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–3 L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d)L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d) Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter. Managing ChangeManaging Change • Explain why people resist change and how resistanceExplain why people resist change and how resistance might be managed.might be managed. Contemporary Issues in Managing ChangeContemporary Issues in Managing Change • Explain why changing organizational culture is so difficultExplain why changing organizational culture is so difficult and how managers can do it.and how managers can do it. • Describe employee stress and how managers can helpDescribe employee stress and how managers can help employees deal with stress.employees deal with stress. • Discuss what it takes to make change happenDiscuss what it takes to make change happen successfully.successfully.
4.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–4 L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d)L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d) Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter. Stimulating InnovationStimulating Innovation • Explain why innovation isn’t just creativity.Explain why innovation isn’t just creativity. • Explain the systems view of innovation.Explain the systems view of innovation. • Describe the structural, cultural, and human resourceDescribe the structural, cultural, and human resource variables that are necessary for innovation.variables that are necessary for innovation. • Explain what idea champions are and why they’reExplain what idea champions are and why they’re important to innovation.important to innovation.
5.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–5 What Is Change?What Is Change? • Organizational ChangeOrganizational Change Any alterations in the people, structure, or technologyAny alterations in the people, structure, or technology of an organizationof an organization • Characteristics of ChangeCharacteristics of Change Is constant yet varies in degree and directionIs constant yet varies in degree and direction Produces uncertainty yet is not completelyProduces uncertainty yet is not completely unpredictableunpredictable Creates both threats and opportunitiesCreates both threats and opportunities • Managing change is an integral partManaging change is an integral part of every manager’s job.of every manager’s job.
6.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–6 Forces for ChangeForces for Change • External ForcesExternal Forces MarketplaceMarketplace Governmental lawsGovernmental laws and regulationsand regulations TechnologyTechnology Labor marketLabor market Economic changesEconomic changes • Internal ForcesInternal Forces Changes inChanges in organizationalorganizational strategystrategy Workforce changesWorkforce changes New equipmentNew equipment Employee attitudesEmployee attitudes
7.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–7 Change Process ViewpointsChange Process Viewpoints • The Calm Waters MetaphorThe Calm Waters Metaphor Lewin’s description of the change process as a breakLewin’s description of the change process as a break in the organization’s equilibrium statein the organization’s equilibrium state UnfreezingUnfreezing the status quothe status quo ChangingChanging to a new stateto a new state RefreezingRefreezing to make the change permanentto make the change permanent • White-Water Rapids MetaphorWhite-Water Rapids Metaphor The lack of environmental stability and predictabilityThe lack of environmental stability and predictability requires that managers and organizations continuallyrequires that managers and organizations continually adapt (manage change actively) to survive.adapt (manage change actively) to survive.
8.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–8 Exhibit 13–1Exhibit 13–1 The Change ProcessThe Change Process
9.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–9 Change AgentsChange Agents • Change AgentsChange Agents Persons who act as catalysts and assume thePersons who act as catalysts and assume the responsibility for managing the change process.responsibility for managing the change process. • Types of Change AgentsTypes of Change Agents Managers: internal entrepreneursManagers: internal entrepreneurs Nonmanagers: change specialistsNonmanagers: change specialists Outside consultants: change implementation expertsOutside consultants: change implementation experts
10.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–10 Exhibit 13–2Exhibit 13–2 Three Categories of ChangeThree Categories of Change
11.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–11 Types of ChangeTypes of Change • StructuralStructural Changing an organization’sChanging an organization’s structural components or itsstructural components or its structural designstructural design • TechnologicalTechnological Adopting new equipment,Adopting new equipment, tools, or operating methodstools, or operating methods that displace old skills andthat displace old skills and require new onesrequire new ones Automation: replacingAutomation: replacing certain tasks done bycertain tasks done by people with machinespeople with machines ComputerizationComputerization • PeoplePeople Changing attitudes,Changing attitudes, expectations, perceptions,expectations, perceptions, and behaviors of theand behaviors of the workforceworkforce • OrganizationalOrganizational development (OD)development (OD) Techniques or programs toTechniques or programs to change people and thechange people and the nature and quality ofnature and quality of interpersonal workinterpersonal work relationships.relationships.
12.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–12 Organizational DevelopmentOrganizational Development • Organizational Development (OD)Organizational Development (OD) Techniques or programs to change people and theTechniques or programs to change people and the nature and quality of interpersonal work relationships.nature and quality of interpersonal work relationships. • Global ODGlobal OD OD techniques that work for U.S. organizations mayOD techniques that work for U.S. organizations may be inappropriate in other countries and cultures.be inappropriate in other countries and cultures.
13.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–13 Exhibit 13–3Exhibit 13–3 Organizational Development TechniquesOrganizational Development Techniques
14.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–14 Managing Resistance to ChangeManaging Resistance to Change • Why People Resist Change?Why People Resist Change? The ambiguity and uncertainty that change introducesThe ambiguity and uncertainty that change introduces The comfort of old habitsThe comfort of old habits A concern over personal loss of status, money,A concern over personal loss of status, money, authority, friendships, and personal convenienceauthority, friendships, and personal convenience The perception that change is incompatible with theThe perception that change is incompatible with the goals and interest of the organizationgoals and interest of the organization
15.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–15 Exhibit 13–4Exhibit 13–4 Managerial Actions to Reduce Resistance to ChangeManagerial Actions to Reduce Resistance to Change • Education and communicationEducation and communication • ParticipationParticipation • Facilitation and supportFacilitation and support • NegotiationNegotiation • Manipulation and co-optationManipulation and co-optation • Selecting people who accept changeSelecting people who accept change • CoercionCoercion
16.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–16 Issues in Managing Change (cont’d)Issues in Managing Change (cont’d) • Changing Organizational CulturesChanging Organizational Cultures Cultures are naturally resistant to change.Cultures are naturally resistant to change. Conditions that facilitate cultural change:Conditions that facilitate cultural change: The occurrence of a dramatic crisisThe occurrence of a dramatic crisis Leadership changing handsLeadership changing hands A young, flexible, and small organizationA young, flexible, and small organization A weak organizational cultureA weak organizational culture
17.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–17 Exhibit 13–5Exhibit 13–5 Strategies for Managing Cultural ChangeStrategies for Managing Cultural Change • Set the tone through management behavior; top managers,Set the tone through management behavior; top managers, particularly, need to be positive role models.particularly, need to be positive role models. • Create new stories, symbols, and rituals to replace those currentlyCreate new stories, symbols, and rituals to replace those currently in use.in use. • Select, promote, and support employees who adopt the newSelect, promote, and support employees who adopt the new values.values. • Redesign socialization processes to align with the new values.Redesign socialization processes to align with the new values. • To encourage acceptance of the new values, change the rewardTo encourage acceptance of the new values, change the reward system.system. • Replace unwritten norms with clearly specified expectations.Replace unwritten norms with clearly specified expectations. • Shake up current subcultures through job transfers, job rotation,Shake up current subcultures through job transfers, job rotation, and/or terminations.and/or terminations. • Work to get consensus through employee participation andWork to get consensus through employee participation and creating a climate with a high level of trust.creating a climate with a high level of trust.
18.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–18 Issues in Managing Change (cont’d)Issues in Managing Change (cont’d) • Handling Employee StressHandling Employee Stress StressStress The adverse reaction people have to excessive pressureThe adverse reaction people have to excessive pressure placed on them from extraordinary demands, constraints, orplaced on them from extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities.opportunities. Functional StressFunctional Stress – Stress that has a positive effect on performance.Stress that has a positive effect on performance. How Potential Stress Becomes Actual StressHow Potential Stress Becomes Actual Stress When there is uncertainty over the outcome.When there is uncertainty over the outcome. When the outcome is important.When the outcome is important.
19.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–19 Exhibit 13–6Exhibit 13–6 Causes of StressCauses of Stress
20.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–20 Exhibit 13–7Exhibit 13–7 Symptoms of StressSymptoms of Stress
21.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–21 Issues in Managing Change (cont’d)Issues in Managing Change (cont’d) • Reducing StressReducing Stress Engage in proper employee selectionEngage in proper employee selection Match employees’ KSA’s to jobs’ Tasks, Duties, andMatch employees’ KSA’s to jobs’ Tasks, Duties, and Responsibilities (TDR’s)Responsibilities (TDR’s) Use realistic job interviews for reduce ambiguityUse realistic job interviews for reduce ambiguity Improve organizational communicationsImprove organizational communications Develop a performance planning programDevelop a performance planning program Use job redesignUse job redesign Provide a counseling programProvide a counseling program Offer time planning management assistanceOffer time planning management assistance Sponsor wellness programsSponsor wellness programs
22.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–22 Issues in Managing Change (cont’d)Issues in Managing Change (cont’d) • Making Change Happen SuccessfullyMaking Change Happen Successfully Embrace changeEmbrace change—become a change-capable—become a change-capable organization.organization. Create a simple, compelling message explaining whyCreate a simple, compelling message explaining why change is necessary.change is necessary. Communicate constantly and honestly.Communicate constantly and honestly. Foster as much employee participation as possible—Foster as much employee participation as possible— get all employees committed.get all employees committed. Encourage employees to be flexible.Encourage employees to be flexible. Remove those who resist and cannot be changed.Remove those who resist and cannot be changed.
23.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–23 Exhibit 13–8Exhibit 13–8 Characteristics of Change-Capable OrganizationsCharacteristics of Change-Capable Organizations • Link the present andLink the present and the future.the future. • Make learning a wayMake learning a way of life.of life. • Actively support andActively support and encourage day-to-dayencourage day-to-day improvements andimprovements and changes.changes. • Ensure diverse teams.Ensure diverse teams. • Encourage mavericks.Encourage mavericks. • Shelter breakthroughsShelter breakthroughs • Integrate technology.Integrate technology. • Build and deepen trust.Build and deepen trust.
24.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–24 Stimulating InnovationStimulating Innovation • CreativityCreativity The ability to combine ideas in a unique way or toThe ability to combine ideas in a unique way or to make an unusual association.make an unusual association. • InnovationInnovation Turning the outcomes of the creative process intoTurning the outcomes of the creative process into useful products, services, or work methods.useful products, services, or work methods. • Idea ChampionIdea Champion Dynamic self-confident leaders who actively andDynamic self-confident leaders who actively and enthusiastically inspire support for new ideas, buildenthusiastically inspire support for new ideas, build support, overcome resistance, and ensure thatsupport, overcome resistance, and ensure that innovations are implemented.innovations are implemented.
25.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–25 Exhibit 13–9Exhibit 13–9 Innovative Companies Around the WorldInnovative Companies Around the World Data: Boston Consulting Group * We broke ties by comparing 10-year annualized total shareholder returns. In ties between a public and a private company, the public company was favored. Source: “A Global Pulse of Innovation,” BusinessWeek, April 24, 2006, p. 74.
26.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–26 Exhibit 13–10Exhibit 13–10 Systems View of InnovationSystems View of Innovation Source: Adapted from R.W. Woodman, J.E. Sawyer, and R.W. Griffin, “Toward a Theory of Organizational Creativity,” Academy of Management Review, April 1993, p. 309.
27.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–27 Exhibit 13–11Exhibit 13–11 InnovationInnovation VariablesVariables
28.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–28 Creating the “Right” Environment forCreating the “Right” Environment for InnovationInnovation • Structural VariablesStructural Variables Adopt an organic structureAdopt an organic structure Make available plentiful resourcesMake available plentiful resources Engage in frequent interunit communicationEngage in frequent interunit communication Minimize extreme time pressures on creativeMinimize extreme time pressures on creative activitiesactivities Provide explicit support for creativityProvide explicit support for creativity
29.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–29 Creating the “Right” Environment forCreating the “Right” Environment for Innovation (cont’d)Innovation (cont’d) • Cultural VariablesCultural Variables Accept ambiguityAccept ambiguity Tolerate the impracticalTolerate the impractical Have low external controlsHave low external controls Tolerate risk takingTolerate risk taking Tolerate conflictTolerate conflict Focus on ends rather than meansFocus on ends rather than means Develop an open-system focusDevelop an open-system focus Provide positive feedbackProvide positive feedback
30.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–30 Creating the “Right” Environment forCreating the “Right” Environment for Innovation (cont’d)Innovation (cont’d) • Human Resource VariablesHuman Resource Variables Actively promote training and development to keepActively promote training and development to keep employees’ skills current.employees’ skills current. Offer high job security to encourage risk taking.Offer high job security to encourage risk taking. Encourage individual to be “champions” of change.Encourage individual to be “champions” of change.
31.
© 2007 Prentice
Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 13–31 Terms to KnowTerms to Know • organizational changeorganizational change • change agentchange agent • organizationalorganizational development (OD)development (OD) • stressstress • creativitycreativity • innovationinnovation • idea championidea champion
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